Polycyclic antagonists of lysophosphatidic acid receptors

ABSTRACT

Described herein are compounds that are antagonists of lysophosphatidic receptor(s). Also described are pharmaceutical compositions and medicaments that include the compounds described herein, as well as methods of using such antagonists, alone and in combination with other compounds, for treating LPA-dependent or LPA-mediated conditions or diseases.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.61/183,785, entitled “ANTAGONISTS OF LYSOPHOSPHATIDIC ACID RECEPTORS”filed on Jun. 3, 2009, which is herein incorporated by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

Described herein are compounds, methods of making such compounds,pharmaceutical compositions and medicaments comprising such compounds,and methods of using such compounds to treat, prevent or diagnosediseases, disorders or conditions associated with one or more of thelysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptors.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Lysophospholipids are membrane-derived bioactive lipid mediators.Lysophospholipids affect fundamental cellular functions that includeproliferation, differentiation, survival, migration, adhesion, invasion,and morphogensis. These functions influence many biological processesthat include, but are not limited to, neurogensis, angiogenesis, woundhealing, fibrosis, immunity, and carcinogenesis.

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a lysophospholipid that has been shown toact through sets of specific G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in anautocrine and paracrine fashion. LPA binding to its cognate GPCRs (LPA₁,LPA₂, LPA₃, LPA₄, LPA₅, LPA₆) activates intracellular signaling pathwaysto produce a variety of biological responses. Antagonists of the LPAreceptors find use in the treatment of diseases, disorders or conditionsin which LPA plays a role.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one aspect, presented herein are compounds of Formula (I) thatinhibit the physiological activity of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), andtherefore, are useful as agents for the treatment or prevention ofdiseases in which inhibition of the physiological activity of LPA isuseful, such as diseases in which an LPA receptor participates, isinvolved in the etiology or pathology of the disease, or is otherwiseassociated with at least one symptom of the disease.

In one aspect, the compounds of Formula (I) are useful for the treatmentof fibrosis of organs (liver, kidney, lung, heart and the like), liverdiseases (acute hepatitis, chronic hepatitis, liver fibrosis, livercirrhosis, portal hypertension, regenerative failure, non-alcoholicsteatohepatitis (NASH), liver hypofunction, hepatic blood flow disorder,and the like), cell proliferative disease (cancer (solid tumor, solidtumor metastasis, vascular fibroma, myeloma, multiple myeloma, Kaposi'ssarcoma, leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and the like) andinvasive metastasis of cancer cell, and the like), inflammatory disease(psoriasis, nephropathy, pneumonia and the like), gastrointestinal tractdisease (irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease(IBD), abnormal pancreatic secretion, and the like), renal disease,urinary tract-associated disease (benign prostatic hyperplasia orsymptoms associated with neuropathic bladder disease, spinal cord tumor,hernia of intervertebral disk, spinal canal stenosis, symptoms derivedfrom diabetes, lower urinary tract disease (obstruction of lower urinarytract, and the like), inflammatory disease of lower urinary tract,dysuria, frequent urination, and the like), pancreas disease, abnormalangiogenesis-associated disease (arterial obstruction and the like),scleroderma, brain-associated disease (cerebral infarction, cerebralhemorrhage, and the like), neuropathic pain, peripheral neuropathy, andthe like, ocular disease (age-related macular degeneration (AMD),diabetic retinopathy, proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), cicatricialpemphigoid, glaucoma filtration surgery scarring, and the like). In oneaspect, the compounds of Formula (I) are used in the treatment offibrotic diseases or conditions.

In one aspect, described herein are compounds of Formula (I),pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, and prodrugs thereof.Compounds of Formula (I) are antagonists of at least one of the LPAreceptors selected from LPA₁, LPA₂, LPA₃, LPA₄, LPA₅ and LPA₆. In oneembodiment, compounds of Formula (I) are antagonists of LPA₁. In oneembodiment, compounds of Formula (I) are antagonists of LPA₁ and/orLPA₃. In some embodiments, compounds of Formula (I) are antagonists ofLPA₁ and/or LPA₂. In some embodiments, compounds of Formula (I) areselective antagonists for one of the LPA receptors relative to the otherLPA receptors. In some embodiments, such a selective antagonist isselective for the LPA₁ receptor. In some embodiments, such a selectiveantagonist is selective for the LPA₂ receptor. In some embodiments, sucha selective antagonist is selective for the LPA₃ receptor.

Compounds of Formula (I) are used in the treatment of diseases,disorders, or conditions in which activation of at least one LPAreceptor by LPA contributes to the symptomology or progression of thedisease, disorder or condition. In one aspect, the methods, compounds,pharmaceutical compositions, and medicaments described herein compriseantagonists of LPA receptor(s). In one aspect, the methods, compounds,pharmaceutical compositions, and medicaments described herein compriseantagonists of LPA₁, LPA₂, or LPA₃, or combinations thereof.

In one aspect, provided herein is a compound of Formula (I), or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

wherein

-   -   R¹ is —CO₂H, —CO₂R^(D), —CN, —C(═O)N(R⁹)₂, —C(═O)NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H,        or —C(═O)NHSO₂R¹⁰, tetrazolyl, or        5-oxo-2,5-dihydro-[1,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl; R^(D) is H or        C₁-C₄alkyl;    -   R³ is H, C₁-C₄alkyl, C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, or C₁-C₄fluoroalkyl;    -   R⁴ is —NR⁷C(═O)OCH(R⁸)—CY;        -   R⁷ is H or C₁-C₄alkyl;        -   R⁸ is H, C₁-C₄alkyl, or C₁-C₄fluoroalkyl;        -   CY is a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₆cycloalkyl or a            substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, wherein if CY is            substituted then CY is substituted with 1 or 2 R^(C);    -   R⁹ is H, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆fluoroalkyl, C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, or a        substituted or unsubstituted phenyl;    -   R¹⁰ is a C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆fluoroalkyl, C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, or a        substituted or unsubstituted phenyl;    -   each of R^(A), R^(B), and R^(C) are independently selected from        F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —OH, C₁-C₄alkyl, C₁-C₄fluoroalkyl,        C₁-C₄fluoroalkoxy, C₁-C₄alkoxy, and C₁-C₄heteroalkyl;    -   m is 0, 1, or 2; n is 1, 2, 3 or 4; p is 0, 1, or 2.

In some embodiments, R¹ is —CO₂H, —CO₂R^(D), —C(═O)NHSO₂R¹⁰ ortetrazolyl; R³ is H or C₁-C₄alkyl; R⁷ is H; R⁸ is H, —CH₃ or —CF₃; R¹⁰is a C₁-C₆alkyl or a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl; each R^(A) isindependently selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —OH, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCF₃, and—OCH₃; each R^(B) is independently selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —OH,—CH₃, —CF₃, —OCF₃, and —OCH₃; each R^(C) is independently selected fromF, Cl, Br, I, —OH, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCF₃, and —OCH₃; m is 0 or 1; n is 1, 2,or 3; p is 0 or 1.

In some embodiments, R¹ is —CO₂H or —CO₂R^(D); R^(D) is H, —CH₃, or—CH₂CH₃; R³ is H, —CH₃ or —CH₂CH₃; R⁴ is —NHC(═O)OCH(R⁸)—CY; R⁸ is H, or—CH₃; CY is a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, wherein if CY is asubstituted phenyl then the phenyl is substituted with 1 or 2 R^(C).

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) has the followingstructure:

In some embodiments, R⁴ is

CY is a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, wherein if CY is asubstituted phenyl then the phenyl is substituted with 1 or 2 R^(C);R^(C) is F, Cl, —OH, —CH₃, —CF₃, or —OCH₃; n is 1.

In some embodiments, CY is phenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 3-fluorophenyl,2-chlorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 2-methylphenyl, 3-methylphenyl,2-trifluoromethylphenyl, or 3-trifluoromethylphenyl.

In some embodiments, R¹ is —C(═O)NHSO₂R¹⁰; R³ is —CH₃ or —CH₂CH₃; R⁸ isH, or —CH₃; R¹⁰ is —CH₃, or —CH₂CH₃.

In some embodiments, R⁴ is —NHC(═O)OCH(CH₃)-(substituted orunsubstituted phenyl); wherein if the phenyl is substituted then thephenyl is substituted with R^(C); R^(C) is F, Cl, —CH₃, or CF₃; n is 1.

In some embodiments, R⁴ is

R⁸ is —CH₃; CY is a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, wherein if CYis a substituted phenyl then the phenyl is substituted with 1 or 2R^(C); R^(C) is F, Cl, —OH, —CH₃, —CF₃, or —OCH₃; n is 1.

In some embodiments, CY is phenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 3-fluorophenyl,2-chlorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 2-methylphenyl, 3-methylphenyl,2-trifluoromethylphenyl, or 3-trifluoromethylphenyl.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) has the followingstructure:

In some embodiments, R¹ is —CO₂H; CY is phenyl, 2-fluorophenyl,3-fluorophenyl, 2-chlorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 2-methylphenyl,3-methylphenyl, 2-trifluoromethylphenyl, or 3-trifluoromethylphenyl.

In some embodiments, R¹ is —CO₂H, —CO₂R^(D), —C(═O)NHSO₂R¹⁰, tetrazolyl,or 5-oxo-2,5-dihydro-[1,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl. In some embodiments, R¹ is—CO₂H, —CO₂R^(D), —C(═O)NHSO₂R¹⁰, or tetrazolyl. In some embodiments, R¹is —CO₂H, —CO₂R^(D), or —C(═O)NHSO₂R¹⁰.

In some embodiments, R¹ is —CO₂H, —CO₂R^(D), —C(═O)NHSO₂R¹⁰, tetrazolyl,or 5-oxo-2,5-dihydro-[1,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl; R³ is H or C₁-C₄alkyl; R⁷ isH; R⁸ is H, or —CH₃; R¹⁰ is a C₁-C₆alkyl or a substituted orunsubstituted phenyl; CY is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl,cyclopent-1-enyl, 2-chlorocyclopent-1-enyl, cyclohexyl, cyclohex-1-enyl,2-chlorocyclohex-1-enyl, phenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 2,3-difluorophenyl,2,4-difluorophenyl, 2,5-difluorophenyl, 2,6-difluorophenyl,2-chlorophenyl, 2,6-dichlorophenyl, 2-bromophenyl, 3-bromophenyl,2,4-dichlorophenyl, 2-hydroxyphenyl, 3-hydroxyphenyl, 4-hydroxyphenyl,2-methoxyphenyl, 3-methoxyphenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl,2-trifluoromethylphenyl, 3-trifluoromethylphenyl,4-trifluoromethylphenyl, 2-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl, 2-methylphenyl,3-methylphenyl, 4-methylphenyl, 2-cyanophenyl, 3-cyanophenyl, or4-cyanophenyl.

In some embodiments, each R^(A) is independently selected from F, Cl,—CH₃, —CF₃, —OH, —OCF₃, and —OCH₃; each R^(B) is independently selectedfrom F, Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OH, —OCF₃, and —OCH₃; m is 0 or 1; p is 0 or 1.In some embodiments, n is 1.

Any combination of the groups described above for the various variablesis contemplated herein. Throughout the specification, groups andsubstituents thereof are chosen by one skilled in the field to providestable moieties and compounds.

In one aspect, provided are compounds presented in Table 1, Table 2,FIG. 1, FIG. 2, FIG. 3, FIG. 4, and FIG. 5.

Compounds of Formula (I) are antagonists of at least one LPA receptor.In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is an antagonist ofLPA₁. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is an antagonistof LPA₂. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is anantagonist of LPA₃.

In some embodiments, presented herein are compounds selected from activemetabolites, tautomers, solvates, pharmaceutically acceptable salts orprodrugs of a compound of Formula (I).

In some embodiments, provided is a pharmaceutical composition comprisinga therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I). In someembodiments, the pharmaceutical composition also contains at least onepharmaceutically acceptable inactive ingredient.

In some embodiments, provided is a pharmaceutical composition comprisinga therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least onepharmaceutically acceptable inactive ingredient. In one aspect, thepharmaceutical composition is formulated for intravenous injection,subcutaneous injection, oral administration, inhalation, nasaladministration, topical administration, ophthalmic administration orotic administration. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositionis a tablet, a pill, a capsule, a liquid, an inhalant, a nasal spraysolution, a suppository, a suspension, a gel, a colloid, a dispersion, asuspension, a solution, an emulsion, an ointment, a lotion, an eye dropor an ear drop.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition further comprisesone or more additional therapeutically active agents other than acompound of Formula (I).

In some embodiments, provided is a method comprising administering acompound of Formula (I) to a human with a LPA-dependent or LPA-mediateddisease or condition. In some embodiments, the human is already beingadministered one or more additional therapeutically active agents otherthan a compound of Formula (I). In some embodiments, the method furthercomprises administering one or more additional therapeutically activeagents other than a compound of Formula (I).

In some embodiments, the one or more additional therapeutically activeagents other than a compound of Formula (I) are selected from:corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, analgesics, anti-cancer agent,anti-inflammatories, chemokine receptor antagonists, bronchodilators,leukotriene receptor antagonists, leukotriene formation inhibitors,monoacylglycerol kinase inhibitors, phospholipase A₁ inhibitors,phospholipase A₂ inhibitors, and lysophospholipase D (lysoPLD)inhibitors, autotaxin inhibitors, decongestants, antihistamines,mucolytics, anticholinergics, antitussives, expectorants, and β-2agonists.

In another aspect is the use of a compound of Formula (I) in thetreatment of a disease, disorder or condition in which the activity ofat least one LPA receptor contributes to the pathology and/or symptomsof the disease or condition. In one embodiment of this aspect, the LPAreceptor is selected from LPA₁, LPA₂, LPA₃, LPA₄, LPA₅ and LPA₆. In someembodiments, the LPA receptor is LPA₁ or LPA₂ or LPA₃. In someembodiments, the disease or condition is any of the diseases orconditions specified herein.

Also provided is a method of inhibiting the physiological activity ofLPA in a mammal comprising administering a therapeutically effectiveamount of a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt thereof to the mammal in need thereof.

In one aspect, is a method for treating or preventing a LPA-dependent orLPA-mediated disease or condition in a mammal comprising administering atherapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I).

In one aspect, LPA-dependent or LPA-mediated diseases or conditionsinclude, but are not limited to, fibrosis of organs or tissues,scarring, liver diseases, dermatological conditions, cancer,cardiovascular disease, respiratory diseases or conditions, inflammatorydisease, gastrointestinal tract disease, renal disease, urinarytract-associated disease, inflammatory disease of lower urinary tract,dysuria, frequent urination, pancreas disease, arterial obstruction,cerebral infarction, cerebral hemorrhage, pain, peripheral neuropathy,and fibromyalgia.

In some embodiments, the LPA-dependent or LPA-mediated disease orcondition is selected from idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis; other diffuseparenchymal lung diseases of different etiologies including iatrogenicdrug-induced fibrosis, occupational and/or environmental inducedfibrosis, granulomatous diseases (sarcoidosis, hypersensitivitypneumonia), collagen vascular disease, alveolar proteinosis, langerhanscell granulomatosis, lymphangioleiomyomatosis, inherited diseases(Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome, tuberous sclerosis, neurofibromatosis,metabolic storage disorders, familial interstitial lung disease);radiation induced fibrosis; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD); scleroderma; bleomycin induced pulmonary fibrosis; chronicasthma; silicosis; asbestos induced pulmonary fibrosis; acuterespiratory distress syndrome (ARDS); kidney fibrosis;tubulointerstitium fibrosis; glomerular nephritis; focal segmentalglomerular sclerosis; IgA nephropathy; hypertension; Alport; gutfibrosis; liver fibrosis; cirrhosis; alcohol induced liver fibrosis;toxic/drug induced liver fibrosis; hemochromatosis; nonalcoholicsteatohepatitis (NASH); biliary duct injury; primary biliary cirrhosis;infection induced liver fibrosis; viral induced liver fibrosis; andautoimmune hepatitis; corneal scarring; hypertrophic scarring; Duputrendisease, keloids, cutaneous fibrosis; cutaneous scleroderma; spinal cordinjury/fibrosis; myelofibrosis; vascular restenosis; atherosclerosis;arteriosclerosis; Wegener's granulomatosis; Peyronie's disease, chroniclymphocytic leukemia, tumor metastasis, transplant organ rejection,endometreosis, neonatal respiratory distress syndrome and neuropathicpain.

In one aspect, is a method for treating or preventing cancer in a mammalcomprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of acompound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof tothe mammal in need thereof.

In one aspect, is a method for treating or preventing fibrosis in amammal comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of acompound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof tothe mammal in need thereof.

In one aspect, is a method for treating or preventing lung fibrosis,asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), renal fibrosis,acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, liver fibrosis, skinfibrosis, fibrosis of the gut, breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, ovariancancer, prostate cancer, glioblastoma, bone cancer, colon cancer, bowelcancer, head and neck cancer, melanoma, multiple myeloma, chroniclymphocytic leukemia, cancer pain, tumor metastasis, transplant organrejection, scleroderma, ocular fibrosis, age related maculardegeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy, collagen vascular disease,atherosclerosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, or neuropathic pain in a mammalcomprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of acompound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof tothe mammal in need thereof.

In one aspect, provided is a method for the treatment or prevention oforgan fibrosis in a mammal comprising administering a therapeuticallyeffective amount of a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof to a mammal in need thereof. In someembodiments, the organ fibrosis comprises lung fibrosis, renal fibrosis,or hepatic fibrosis.

In one aspect, provided is a method of improving lung function in amammal comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of acompound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof tothe mammal in need thereof. In one aspect, the mammal has been diagnosedas having lung fibrosis.

In one aspect, compounds disclosed herein are used to treat idiopathicpulmonary fibrosis (usual interstitial pneumonia) in a mammal.

In one aspect, compounds disclosed herein are used to treat Raynaud'sphenomenon. Raynaud's phenomenon comprises both Raynaud's disease (wherethe phenomenon is idiopathic) and Raynaud's syndrome, where it is causedby some other instigating factor.

In some embodiments, compounds disclosed herein are used to treatdiffuse parenchymal interstitial lung diseases in mammal: iatrogenicdrug induced, occupational/environmental (Farmer lung), granulomatousdiseases (sarcoidosis, hypersensitivity pneumonia), collagen vasculardisease (scleroderma and others), alveolar proteinosis, langerhans cellgranulonmatosis, lymphangioleiomyomatosis, Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome,Tuberous sclerosis, neurofibromatosis, metabolic storage disorders,familial interstitial lung disease.

In some embodiments, compounds disclosed herein are used to treatpost-transplant fibrosis associated with chronic rejection in a mammal:Bronchiolitis obliterans for lung transplant.

In some embodiments, compounds disclosed herein are used to treatcutaneous fibrosis in a mammal: cutaneous scleroderma, Dupuytrendisease, keloids.

In one aspect, compounds disclosed herein are used to treat hepaticfibrosis with or without cirrhosis in a mammal: toxic/drug induced(hemochromatosis), alcoholic liver disease, viral hepatitis (hepatitis Bvirus, hepatitis C virus, HCV), nonalcoholic liver disease (NASH),metabolic and auto-immune.

In one aspect, compounds disclosed herein are used to treat renalfibrosis in a mammal: tubulointerstitium fibrosis, glomerular sclerosis.

In any of the aforementioned aspects involving the treatment of LPAdependent diseases or conditions are further embodiments comprisingadministering at least one additional agent in addition to theadministration of a compound having the structure of Formula (I). Invarious embodiments, each agent is administered in any order, includingsimultaneously.

In any of the embodiments disclosed herein, the mammal is a human.

In some embodiments, compounds provided herein are administered to ahuman. In some embodiments, compounds provided herein are orallyadministered to a human.

In some embodiments, compounds provided herein are used as antagonistsof at least one LPA receptor. In some embodiments, compounds providedherein are used for inhibiting the activity of at least one LPA receptoror for the treatment of a disease or condition that would benefit frominhibition of the activity of at least one LPA receptor. In one aspect,the LPA receptor is LPA₁.

In other embodiments, compounds provided herein are used for theformulation of a medicament for the inhibition of LPA₁ activity.

Other objects, features and advantages of the compounds, methods andcompositions described herein will become apparent from the followingdetailed description. It should be understood, however, that thedetailed description and the specific examples, while indicatingspecific embodiments, are given by way of illustration only, sincevarious changes and modifications within the spirit and scope of theinstant disclosure will become apparent to those skilled in the art fromthis detailed description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1. Illustrative examples of compounds described herein.

FIG. 2. Illustrative examples of compounds described herein.

FIG. 3. Illustrative examples of compounds described herein.

FIG. 4. Illustrative examples of compounds described herein.

FIG. 5. Illustrative examples of compounds described herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Lysophospholipids (such as lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)) affectfundamental cellular functions that include cellular proliferation,differentiation, survival, migration, adhesion, invasion, andmorphogensis. These functions influence many biological processes thatinclude neurogensis, angiogenesis, wound healing, immunity, andcarcinogenesis.

LPA acts through sets of specific G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) inan autocrine and paracrine fashion. LPA binding to its cognate GPCRs(LPA₁, LPA₂, LPA₃, LPA₄, LPA₅, LPA₆) activates intracellular signalingpathways to produce a variety of biological responses.

LPA has a role as a biological effector molecule, and has a diverserange of physiological actions such as, but not limited to, effects onblood pressure, platelet activation, and smooth muscle contraction, anda variety of cellular effects, which include cell growth, cell rounding,neurite retraction, and actin stress fiber formation and cell migration.The effects of LPA are predominantly receptor mediated.

Activation of the LPA receptors with LPA mediates a range of downstreamsignaling cascades. The actual pathway and realized end point aredependent on a range of variables that include receptor usage, celltype, expression level of a receptor or signaling protein, and LPAconcentration. Nearly all mammalian cells, tissues and organs co-expressseveral LPA-receptor subtypes, which indicates that LPA receptors signalin a cooperative manner. LPA₁, LPA₂, and LPA₃ share high amino acidsequence similarity.

LPA regulates many important functions of fibroblasts in wound healing,including proliferation, migration, differentiation and contraction.Fibroblast proliferation is required in wound healing in order to fillan open wound. In contrast, fibrosis is characterized by intenseproliferation and accumulation of myofibroblasts that activelysynthesize ECM and proinflammatory cytokines. LPA can either increase orsuppress the proliferation of cell types important in wound healing.

Tissue injury initiates a complex series of host wound-healingresponses; if successful, these responses restore normal tissuestructure and function. If not, these responses can lead to tissuefibrosis and loss of function.

A number of muscular dystrophies are characterized by a progressiveweakness and wasting of musculature, and by extensive fibrosis. It hasbeen shown that LPA treatment of cultured myoblasts induced significantexpression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF). CTGF subsequentlyinduces collagen, fibronectin and integrin expression and inducesdedifferentiation of these myoblasts. Treatment of a variety of celltypes with LPA induces reproducible and high level induction of CTGF.CTGF is a profibrotic cytokine, signaling down-stream and in parallelwith TGFβ.

LPA and LPA₁ play key pathogenic roles in pulmonary fibrosis. Fibroblastchemoattractant activity plays an important role in the lungs inpatients with pulmonary fibrosis. Profibrotic effects of LPA₁-receptorstimulation is explained by LPA₁-receptor-mediated vascular leakage andincreased fibroblast recruitment, both profibrotic events. The LPA-LPA₁pathway has a role in mediating fibroblast migration and vascularleakage in IPF. The end result is the aberrant healing process thatcharacterises this fibrotic condition.

The LPA-LPA2 pathway contributes to the activation of the TGF-β pathwayin pulmonary fibrosis. In some embodiments, compounds that inhibit LPA2show efficacy in the treatment of lung fibrosis. In some embodiments,compounds that inhibit both LPA1 and LPA2 show improved efficacy in thetreatment of lung fibrosis compared to compounds which inhibit only LPA1or LPA2.

LPA and LPA₁ are involved in the etiology of kidney fibrosis. In miceinvalidated for the LPA₁ receptor (LPA₁ (−/−), the development of renalfibrosis was significantly attenuated. Unilateral ureteral obstruction(UUO; animal model of renal fibrosis) mice treated with the LPA receptorantagonist Ki16425 closely resembled the LPA₁ (−/−) mice.

LPA is implicated in liver disease and fibrosis. Plasma LPA levels andserum autotoxin are elevated in hepatitis patients and animal models ofliver injury in correlation with increased fibrosis. LPA also regulatesliver cell function. LPA₁ and LPA₂ receptors are expressed by mousehepatic stellate cells and LPA stimulates migration of hepaticmyofibroblasts.

LPA is in involved in wound healing in the eye. LPA₁ and LPA₃ receptorsare detectable in the normal rabbit corneal epithelial cells,keratocytes and endothelial cells and LPA₁ and LPA₃ expression areincreased in corneal epithelial cells following injury.

LPA is present in the aqueous humor and the lacrimal gland fluid of therabbit eye and these levels are increased in a rabbit corneal injurymodel.

LPA induces actin stress fiber formation in rabbit corneal endothelialand epithelial cells and promotes contraction corneal fibroblasts. LPAalso stimulates proliferation of human retinal pigmented epithelialcells.

LPA is implicated in myocardial infarction and cardiac fibrosis. SerumLPA levels are increased in patients following mycocardial infarction(MI) and LPA stimulates proliferation and collagen production (fibrosis)by rat cardiac fibroblasts. Both LPA1 and LPA3 receptors are highlyexpressed in human heart tissue.

In one aspect, compounds of Formula (I) are used to treat or preventfibrosis in a mammal. In one aspect, compounds of Formula (I) are usedto treat or prevent fibrosis of an organ or tissue in a mammal.

The terms “fibrosis” or “fibrosing disorder,” as used herein, refers toconditions that are associated with the abnormal accumulation of cellsand/or fibronectin and/or collagen and/or increased fibroblastrecruitment and include but are not limited to fibrosis of individualorgans or tissues such as the heart, kidney, liver, joints, lung,pleural tissue, peritoneal tissue, skin, cornea, retina, musculoskeletaland digestive tract.

Exemplary diseases, disorders, or conditions that involve fibrosisinclude, but are not limited to: Lung diseases associated with fibrosis,e.g., idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis secondary tosystemic inflammatory disease such as rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma,lupus, cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis, radiation induced fibrosis,chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), scleroderma, chronicasthma, silicosis, asbestos induced pulmonary or pleural fibrosis, acutelung injury and acute respiratory distress (including bacterialpneumonia induced, trauma induced, viral pneumonia induced, ventilatorinduced, non-pulmonary sepsis induced, and aspiration induced); Chronicnephropathies associated with injury/fibrosis (kidney fibrosis), e.g.,glomerulonephritis secondary to systemic inflammatory diseases such aslupus and scleroderma, diabetes, glomerular nephritis, focal segmentalglomerular sclerosis, IgA nephropathy, hypertension, allograft andAlport; Gut fibrosis, e.g., scleroderma, and radiation induced gutfibrosis; Liver fibrosis, e.g., cirrhosis, alcohol induced liverfibrosis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), biliary duct injury,primary biliary cirrhosis, infection or viral induced liver fibrosis(e.g., chronic HCV infection), and autoimmune hepatitis; Head and neckfibrosis, e.g., radiation induced; Corneal scarring, e.g., LASIK(laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis), corneal transplant, andtrabeculectomy; Hypertrophic scarring and keloids, e.g., burn induced orsurgical; and other fibrotic diseases, e.g., sarcoidosis, scleroderma,spinal cord injury/fibrosis, myelofibrosis, vascular restenosis,atherosclerosis, arteriosclerosis, Wegener's granulomatosis, mixedconnective tissue disease, and Peyronie's disease.

In one aspect, a mammal suffering from one of the following non-limitingexemplary diseases, disorders, or conditions will benefit from therapywith a compound of Formula (I): atherosclerosis, thrombosis, heartdisease, vasculitis, formation of scar tissue, restenosis, phlobitis,COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), pulmonary hypertension,pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary inflammation, bowel adhesions, bladderfibrosis and cystitis, fibrosis of the nasal passages, sinusitis,inflammation mediated by neutrophils, and fibrosis mediated byfibroblasts.

In one aspect, compounds of Formula (I) are used to treat adermatological disorders in a mammal. Dermatological disorders include,but are not limited to, proliferative or inflammatory disorders of theskin such as, atopic dermatitis, bullous disorders, collagenoses,psoriasis, psoriatic lesions, dermatitis, contact dermatitis, eczema,urticaria, rosacea, wound healing, scarring, hypertrophic scarring,keloids, Kawasaki Disease, rosacea, Sjogren-Larsso Syndrome, urticaria.

LPA is released following tissue injury. LPA₁ plays a role in theinitiation of neuropathic pain. In one aspect, compounds of Formula (I)are used in the treatment of pain in a mammal. In one aspect, the painis acute pain or chronic pain. In another aspect, the pain isneuropathic pain. In another aspect, the pain is cancer pain. In oneaspect, compounds of Formula (I) are used in the treatment offibromyalgia.

Lysophospholipid receptor signaling plays a role in the etiology ofcancer. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and its G protein-coupled receptors(GPCRs) LPA₁, LPA₂, and/or LPA₃ play a role in the development ofseveral types of cancers.

LPA contributes to tumorigenesis by increasing motility and invasivenessof cells. LPA has been implicated in the initiation or progression ofovarian cancer. LPA is present at significant concentrations (2-80 μM)in the ascitic fluid of ovarian cancer patients. LPA receptors (LPA2 andLPA3) are also overexpressed in ovarian cancer cells as compared tonormal ovarian surface epithelial cells. LPA has also been implicated inthe initiation or progression of prostate cancer, breast cancer,melanoma, head and neck cancer, bowel cancer (colorectal cancer),thyroid cancer, glioblastoma, and other cancers.

LPA receptors mediate both migration of and invasion by pancreaticcancer cell lines: Ki16425 and LPA₁-specific siRNA effectively blockedin vitro migration in response to LPA and peritoneal fluid (ascites)from pancreatic cancer patients; in addition, Ki16425 blocked theLPA-induced and ascites-induced invasion activity of a highly peritonealmetastatic pancreatic cancer cell line (Yamada et al, J. Biol. Chem.,279, 6595-6605, 2004).

Colorectal carcinoma cell lines show significant expression of LPA₁ mRNAand respond to LPA by cell migration and production of angiogenicfactors. Overexpression of LPA receptors has a role in the pathogenesisof thyroid cancer. LPA₃ was originally cloned from prostate cancercells, concordant with the ability of LPA to induce autocrineproliferation of prostate cancer cells.

LPA has stimulatory roles in cancer progression in many types of cancer.LPA is produced from and induces proliferation of prostate cancer celllines. LPA induces human colon carcinoma DLD1 cell proliferation,migration, adhesion, and secretion of angiogenic factors through LPA₁signalling. In other human colon carcinoma cells lines (HT29 and WiDR),LPA enhances cell proliferation and secretion of angiogenic factors. Inother colon cancer cell lines, LPA₂ and LPA₃ receptor activation resultsin proliferation of the cells. LPA₁ is implicated in bone metastasis(Boucharaba et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 103, 9643-9648, 2006).

In one aspect, a compound of Formula (I) is used in the treatment ofcancer. In one aspect, compounds of Formula (I) are used in thetreatment of malignant and benign proliferative disease. In one aspect,compounds of Formula (I) are used to prevent or reduce proliferation oftumor cells, invasion and metastasis of carcinomas, pleural mesotheliomaor peritoneal mesothelioma, cancer pain, bone metastases. In one aspectis a method of treating cancer in a mammal, the method comprisingadministering to the mammal a compound of Formula (I) and a secondtherapeutic agent, wherein the second therapeutic agent is ananti-cancer agent. In some embodiments, radiation therapy is also used.

The types of cancer include, but is not limited to, solid tumors (suchas those of the bladder, bowel, brain, breast, endometrium, heart,kidney, lung, lymphatic tissue (lymphoma), ovary, pancreas or otherendocrine organ (thyroid), prostate, skin (melanoma or basal cellcancer) or hematological tumors (such as the leukemias) at any stage ofthe disease with or without metastases.

In one aspect, LPA is a contributor to the pathogenesis of respiratorydiseases. Proinflammatory effects of LPA include degranulation of mastcells, contraction of smooth-muscle cells and release of cytokines fromdendritic cells. LPA induces the secretion of IL-8 from human bronchialepithelial cells. IL-8 is found in increased concentrations in BALfluids from patients with asthma, chronic obstructive lung disease,pulmonary sarcoidosis and acute respiratory distress syndrome and 1l-8has been shown to exacerbate airway inflammation and airway remodelingof asthmatics. LPA1, LPA2 and LPA3 receptors have all been shown tocontribute to the LPA-induced IL-8 production.

Administration of LPA in vivo induces airway hyper-responsiveness,itch-scratch responses, infiltration and activation of eosinophils andneutrophils, vascular remodeling, and nociceptive flexor responses. LPAalso induces histamine release from mouse and rat mast cells. In oneaspect, the effects of LPA are mediated through LPA₁ and/or LPA₃. In oneaspect, compounds of Formula (I) are used in the treatment of variousallergic disorders in a mammal. In one aspect, compounds of Formula (I)are used in the treatment of respiratory diseases, disorders orconditions in a mammal. In one aspect, compounds of Formula (I) are usedin the treatment of asthma in a mammal. In one aspect, compounds ofFormula (I) are used in the treatment of chronic asthma in a mammal.

The term “respiratory disease,” as used herein, refers to diseasesaffecting the organs that are involved in breathing, such as the nose,throat, larynx, eustachian tubes, trachea, bronchi, lungs, relatedmuscles (e.g., diaphragm and intercostals), and nerves. Respiratorydiseases include, but are not limited to, asthma, adult respiratorydistress syndrome and allergic (extrinsic) asthma, non-allergic(intrinsic) asthma, acute severe asthma, chronic asthma, clinicalasthma, nocturnal asthma, allergen-induced asthma, aspirin-sensitiveasthma, exercise-induced asthma, isocapnic hyperventilation, child-onsetasthma, adult-onset asthma, cough-variant asthma, occupational asthma,steroid-resistant asthma, seasonal asthma, seasonal allergic rhinitis,perennial allergic rhinitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,including chronic bronchitis or emphysema, pulmonary hypertension,interstitial lung fibrosis and/or airway inflammation and cysticfibrosis, and hypoxia.

In one aspect, presented herein is the use of compounds of Formula (I)in the treatment or prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseasein a mammal comprising administering to the mammal at least once aneffective amount of at least one compound of Formula (I). In addition,chronic obstructive pulmonary disease includes, but is not limited to,chronic bronchitis or emphysema, pulmonary hypertension, interstitiallung fibrosis and/or airway inflammation, and cystic fibrosis.

The nervous system is a major locus for LPA₁ expression. In one aspect,provided is a compound of Formula (I) for use in the treatment orprevention of a nervous system disorder in a mammal. The term “nervoussystem disorder,” as used herein includes, but is not limited to,Alzheimer's Disease, cerebral edema, cerebral ischemia, stroke, multiplesclerosis, neuropathies, Parkinson's Disease, multiple sclerosis,retinal ischemia, post-surgical cognitive dysfunction, migraine,peripheral neuropathy/neuropathic pain, spinal cord injury, cerebraledema and head injury.

Angiogenesis, the formation of new capillary networks from pre-existingvasculature, is normally invoked in wound healing, tissue growth andmyocardial angiogenesis after ischemic injury. Peptide growth factorsand lysophospholipids control coordinated proliferation, migration,adhesion, differentiation and assembly of vascular endothelial cells(VECs) and surrounding vascular smooth-muscle cells (VSMCs). In oneaspect, dysregulation of the processes mediating angiogenesis leads toatherosclerosis, hypertension, tumor growth, rheumatoid arthritis anddiabetic retinopathy.

In one aspect, compounds of Formula (I) are used to treat or preventcardiovascular disease in mammal, including but not limited to:arrhythmia (atrial or ventricular or both); atherosclerosis and itssequelae; angina; cardiac rhythm disturbances; myocardial ischemia;myocardial infarction; cardiac or vascular aneurysm; vasculitis, stroke;peripheral obstructive arteriopathy of a limb, an organ, or a tissue;reperfusion injury following ischemia of the brain, heart, kidney orother organ or tissue; endotoxic, surgical, or traumatic shock;hypertension, valvular heart disease, heart failure, abnormal bloodpressure; shock; vasoconstriction (including that associated withmigraines); vascular abnormality, inflammation, insufficiency limited toa single organ or tissue.

In one aspect, provided herein are methods for preventing or treatingvasoconstriction, atherosclerosis and its sequelae myocardial ischemia,myocardial infarction, aortic aneurysm, vasculitis and stroke comprisingadministering at least once to the mammal an effective amount of atleast one compound of Formula (I) or pharmaceutical composition ormedicament which includes a compound of Formula (I). In someembodiments, provided herein are methods for preventing or treatingRaynaud's phenomenon.

In one aspect, provided herein are methods for reducing cardiacreperfusion injury following myocardial ischemia and/or endotoxic shockcomprising administering at least once to the mammal an effective amountof at least one compound of Formula (I).

In one aspect, provided herein are methods for reducing the constrictionof blood vessels in a mammal comprising administering at least once tothe mammal an effective amount of at least one compound of Formula (I).

In one aspect, provided herein are methods for lowering or preventing anincrease in blood pressure of a mammal comprising administering at leastonce to the mammal an effective amount of at least one compound ofFormula (I).

LPA is associated with various inflammatory/immune diseases. In oneaspect, compounds of Formula (I) are used to treat or preventinflammation in a mammal. In one aspect, antagonists of LPA₁ and/or LPA₃find use in the treatment or prevention of inflammatory/immune disordersin a mammal.

Examples of inflammatory/immune disorders include psoriasis, rheumatoidarthritis, vasculitis, inflammatory bowel disease, dermatitis,osteoarthritis, asthma, inflammatory muscle disease, allergic rhinitis,vaginitis, interstitial cystitis, scleroderma, eczema, allogeneic orxenogeneic transplantation (organ, bone marrow, stem cells and othercells and tissues) graft rejection, graft-versus-host disease, lupuserythematosus, inflammatory disease, type I diabetes, pulmonaryfibrosis, dermatomyositis, Sjogren's syndrome, thyroiditis (e.g.,Hashimoto's and autoimmune thyroiditis), myasthenia gravis, autoimmunehemolytic anemia, multiple sclerosis, cystic fibrosis, chronic relapsinghepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, allergic conjunctivitis and atopicdermatitis.

In accordance with one aspect, are methods for treating, preventing,reversing, halting or slowing the progression of LPA-dependent orLPA-mediated diseases or conditions once it becomes clinically evident,or treating the symptoms associated with or related to LPA-dependent orLPA-mediated diseases or conditions, by administering to the mammal acompound of Formula (I). In certain embodiments, the subject already hasa LPA-dependent or LPA-mediated disease or condition at the time ofadministration, or is at risk of developing a LPA-dependent orLPA-mediated disease or condition.

In certain aspects, are methods for preventing or treating eosinophiland/or basophil and/or dendritic cell and/or neutrophil and/or monocyteand/or T-cell recruitment comprising administering at least once to themammal an effective amount of at least one compound of Formula (I).

In certain aspects, are methods for the treatment of cystitis,including, e.g., interstitial cystitis, comprising administering atleast once to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of at leastone compound of Formula (I).

In accordance with one aspect, methods described herein include thediagnosis or determination of whether or not a patient is suffering froma LPA-dependent or LPA-mediated disease or condition by administering tothe subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula(I) and determining whether or not the patient responds to thetreatment.

In one aspect provided herein are compounds of Formula (I),pharmaceutically acceptable salts, pharmaceutically acceptable prodrugs,and pharmaceutically acceptable solvates thereof, which are antagonistsof at least one LPA receptor (e.g. LPA₁, LPA₂, LPA₃) and are used totreat patients suffering from one or more LPA-dependent or LPA-mediatedconditions or diseases, including, but not limited to, lung fibrosis,kidney fibrosis, liver fibrosis, scarring, asthma, rhinitis, chronicobstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary hypertension, interstitial lungfibrosis, arthritis, allergy, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease,adult respiratory distress syndrome, myocardial infarction, aneurysm,stroke, cancer, pain, proliferative disorders and inflammatoryconditions. In some embodiments, LPA-dependent conditions or diseasesinclude those wherein an absolute or relative excess of LPA is presentand/or observed.

In any of the aforementioned aspects the LPA-dependent or LPA-mediateddiseases or conditions include, but are not limited to, organ fibrosis,asthma, allergic disorders, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,pulmonary hypertension, lung or pleural fibrosis, peritoneal fibrosis,arthritis, allergy, cancer, cardiovascular disease, adult respiratorydistress syndrome, myocardial infarction, aneurysm, stroke, and cancer.

In one aspect, compounds of Formula (I) are used to improve the cornealsensitivity decrease caused by corneal operations such as laser-assistedin situ keratomileusis (LASIK) or cataract operation, cornealsensitivity decrease caused by corneal degeneration, and dry eye symptomcaused thereby.

In one aspect, presented herein is the use of compounds of Formula (I)in the treatment or prevention of ocular inflammation and allergicconjunctivitis, vernal keratoconjunctivitis, and papillaryconjunctivitis in a mammal comprising administering at least once to themammal an effective amount of at least one compound of Formula (I).

In one aspect, presented herein is the use of compounds of Formula (I)in the treatment or prevention of Sjogren disease or inflammatorydisease with dry eyes in a mammal comprising administering at least onceto the mammal an effective amount of at least one compound of Formula(I).

In one aspect, LPA and LPA receptors (e.g. LPA₁) are involved in thepathogenesis of osteoarthritis. In one aspect, presented herein is theuse of compounds of Formula (I) in the treatment or prevention ofosteoarthritis in a mammal comprising administering at least once to themammal an effective amount of at least one compound of Formula (I).

In one aspect, LPA receptors (e.g. LPA₁, LPA₃) contribute to thepathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. In one aspect, presented herein isthe use of compounds of Formula (I) in the treatment or prevention ofrheumatoid arthritis in a mammal comprising administering at least onceto the mammal an effective amount of at least one compound of Formula(I).

In one aspect, LPA receptors (e.g. LPA₁) contribute to adipogenesis. Inone aspect, presented herein is the use of compounds of Formula (I) inthe promotion of adipose tissue formation in a mammal comprisingadministering at least once to the mammal an effective amount of atleast one compound of Formula (I).

Compounds

In one aspect, provided herein is a compound having the structure ofFormula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

wherein

-   -   R¹ is —CO₂H, —CO₂R^(D), —CN, —C(═O)N(R⁹)₂, —C(═O)NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H,        —C(═O)NHSO₂R¹⁰, tetrazolyl, or        5-oxo-2,5-dihydro-[1,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl; R^(D) is H or        C₁-C₄alkyl;    -   R³ is H, C₁-C₄alkyl, C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, or C₁-C₄fluoroalkyl;    -   R⁴ is —NR⁷C(═O)OCH(R⁸)—CY;        -   R⁷ is H or C₁-C₄alkyl;        -   R⁸ is H, C₁-C₄alkyl, or C₁-C₄fluoroalkyl;        -   CY is a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₆cycloalkyl or a            substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, wherein if CY is            substituted then CY is substituted with 1 or 2 R^(C);    -   R⁹ is H, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆fluoroalkyl, C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, or a        substituted or unsubstituted phenyl;    -   R¹⁰ is a C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆fluoroalkyl, C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, or a        substituted or unsubstituted phenyl;    -   each of R^(A), R^(B), and R^(C) are independently selected from        F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —OH, C₁-C₄alkyl, C₁-C₄fluoroalkyl,        C₁-C₄fluoroalkoxy, C₁-C₄alkoxy, and C₁-C₄heteroalkyl;    -   m is 0, 1, or 2; n is 1, 2, 3 or 4; p is 0, 1, or 2.

For any and all of the embodiments, substituents are selected from amongfrom a subset of the listed alternatives. For example, in someembodiments, R¹ is —CO₂H or —CO₂(R^(D)). In some embodiments, R^(D) isH, —CH₃, or —CH₂CH₃. In some embodiments, R¹ is —CO₂H. In someembodiments, R³ is —C(═O)NHSO₂R¹⁰. In some embodiments, R¹ is acarboxylic acid bioisostere.

In some embodiments, R³ is H or C₁-C₄alkyl. In some embodiments, R³ isC₁-C₄alkyl. In some embodiments, R³ is H, —CH₃, or —CH₂CH₃. In someembodiments, R³ is —CH₃, or —CH₂CH₃. In some embodiments, R³ is —CH₃. Insome embodiments, R³ is H.

In some embodiments, R⁷ is H.

In some embodiments, R⁸ is H, C₁-C₄alkyl, or C₁-C₄fluoroalkyl. In someembodiments, R⁸ is H. In some embodiments, R⁸ is H or C₁-C₄alkyl. Insome embodiments, R⁸ is H, —CH₃, or —CF₃. In some embodiments, R⁸ is—CH₃. In some embodiments, R⁸ is —CH₂CH₃.

In some embodiments, R¹ is —CO₂H, —CO₂R^(D), —C(═O)NHSO₂R¹⁰, tetrazolyl,or 5-oxo-2,5-dihydro-[1,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl. In some embodiments, R¹ is—CO₂H, —CO₂R^(D), —C(═O)NHSO₂R¹⁰ or tetrazolyl. In some embodiments, R¹is —CO₂H, —CO₂R^(D), —C(═O)NHSO₂R¹⁰ or tetrazolyl; R³ is C₁-C₄alkyl; R⁷is H; R⁸ is H, —CH₃ or —CF₃; R¹⁰ is a C₁-C₆alkyl or a substituted orunsubstituted phenyl; each R^(A) is independently selected from F, Cl,Br, I, —OH, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCF₃, and —OCH₃; each R^(B) is independentlyselected from F, Cl, Br, I, —OH, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCF₃, and —OCH₃; eachR^(C) is independently selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —OH, —CH₃, —CF₃,—OCF₃, and —OCH₃; m is 0 or 1; n is 1, 2, or 3; p is 0 or 1.

In some embodiments, R¹ is —CO₂H or —CO₂R^(D); R^(D) is H, —CH₃, or—CH₂CH₃; R³ is —CH₃ or —CH₂CH₃; R⁴ is —NHC(═O)OCH(R⁸)—CY; R⁸ is H, or—CH₃; CY is a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, wherein if CY is asubstituted phenyl then the phenyl is substituted with 1 or 2 R^(c).

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) has the followingstructure:

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) has the followingstructure:

In some embodiments, R¹ is —C(═O)NHSO₂R¹⁰; R³ is —CH₃ or —CH₂CH₃; R⁸ isH, or —CH₃; R¹⁰ is —CH₃, or —CH₂CH₃.

In some embodiments, R⁴ is —NHC(═O)OCH(CH₃)-(substituted orunsubstituted phenyl); wherein if the phenyl is substituted then thephenyl is substituted with R^(C); R^(C) is F, Cl, —CH₃, or CF₃; n is 1.

In some embodiments, R⁴ is

R⁸ is —CH₃; CY is a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, wherein if CYis substituted phenyl then the phenyl is substituted with 1 or 2 R^(C);R^(C) is F, Cl, —OH, —CH₃, —CF₃, or —OCH₃; n is 1. In some embodiments,CY is an unsubstituted phenyl.

In some embodiments, CY is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclohexyl,2-chlorocyclohex-1-enyl, phenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 2,3-difluorophenyl,2,4-difluorophenyl, 2,5-difluorophenyl, 2,6-difluorophenyl,2-chlorophenyl, 2,6-dichlorophenyl, 2-bromophenyl, 3-bromophenyl,2,4-dichlorophenyl, 2-methoxyphenyl, 3-methoxyphenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl,2-trifluoromethylphenyl, 3-trifluoromethylphenyl,4-trifluoromethylphenyl, 2-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl, 2-methylphenyl,3-methylphenyl, 4-methylphenyl, 2-cyanophenyl, 3-cyanophenyl, or4-cyanophenyl.

In some embodiments, CY is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl,cyclopent-1-enyl, 2-chlorocyclopent-1-enyl, cyclohexyl, cyclohex-1-enyl,2-chlorocyclohex-1-enyl, phenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 2,3-difluorophenyl,2,4-difluorophenyl, 2,5-difluorophenyl, 2,6-difluorophenyl,2-chlorophenyl, 2,6-dichlorophenyl, 2-bromophenyl, 3-bromophenyl,2,4-dichlorophenyl, 2-hydroxyphenyl, 3-hydroxyphenyl, 4-hydroxyphenyl,2-methoxyphenyl, 3-methoxyphenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl,2-trifluoromethylphenyl, 3-trifluoromethylphenyl,4-trifluoromethylphenyl, 2-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl, 2-methylphenyl,3-methylphenyl, 4-methylphenyl, 2-cyanophenyl, 3-cyanophenyl, or4-cyanophenyl.

In some embodiments, CY is phenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 2,3-difluorophenyl,2,4-difluorophenyl, 2,5-difluorophenyl, 2,6-difluorophenyl,2-chlorophenyl, 2,6-dichlorophenyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, 2-hydroxyphenyl,3-hydroxyphenyl, 4-hydroxyphenyl, 2-methoxyphenyl, 3-methoxyphenyl,4-methoxyphenyl, 2-trifluoromethylphenyl, 3-trifluoromethylphenyl,4-trifluoromethylphenyl, 2-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl, 2-methylphenyl,3-methylphenyl, or 4-methylphenyl.

In some embodiments, CY is phenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 3-fluorophenyl,2-chlorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 2-methylphenyl, 3-methylphenyl,2-trifluoromethylphenyl, or 3-trifluoromethylphenyl. In someembodiments, CY is phenyl. In some embodiments, CY is phenyl,2-hydroxyphenyl, 3-hydroxyphenyl, or 4-hydroxyphenyl.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) has the followingstructure:

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) has one of thefollowing structure:

In some embodiments, R¹ is —CO₂H; CY is phenyl, 2-fluorophenyl,3-fluorophenyl, 2-chlorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 2-methylphenyl,3-methylphenyl, 2-trifluoromethylphenyl, or 3-trifluoromethylphenyl.

In some embodiments, CY is C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedphenyl; wherein if CY is substituted then CY is substituted with R^(C);R^(C) is F, Cl, —CH₃, or CF₃. In some embodiments, CY isC₃-C₆cycloalkyl.

In some embodiments, R⁴ is —NHC(═O)OCH(R⁸)—CY. In some embodiments, R⁴is —NHC(═O)OCH₂— (cyclopropyl), —NHC(═O)OCH(CH₃)-(cyclopropyl),—NHC(═O)OCH₂— (substituted or unsubstituted phenyl) or—NHC(═O)OCH(CH₃)-(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl); wherein if CY issubstituted then CY is substituted with R^(C); R^(C) is F, Cl, —CH₃, orCF₃. In some embodiments, R⁴ is —NHC(═O)OCH(CH₃)-(cyclopropyl). In someembodiments, R⁴ is —NHC(═O)OCH(CH₃)-(phenyl).

In some embodiments, CY is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl,cyclohexyl, a substituted or unsubstituted pentenyl, a substituted orunsubstituted cyclohexenyl, or a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl;wherein if CY is substituted then CY is substituted with R^(C); R^(C) isF, Cl, —CH₃, or CF₃. In some embodiments, CY is a substituted orunsubstituted phenyl; wherein if CY is a substituted phenyl then thesubstituted phenyl is substituted with R^(C); R^(C) is F, Cl, —CH₃, orCF₃. In some embodiments, CY is cyclopropyl. In some embodiments, CY isphenyl.

In some embodiments, CY is a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl,wherein if CY is substituted then each substituent on CY is H or R^(C);each R^(C) is independently selected from H, halogen, C₁-C₄alkyl,C₁-C₄fluoroalkyl, C₁-C₄fluoroalkoxy, C₁-C₄alkoxy, and C₁-C₄heteroalkyl.In some embodiments, each R^(C) is independently selected from H, F, Cl,—CH₃, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₃. In some embodiments, CY is phenyl,2-fluorophenyl or 2-chloro-phenyl. In some embodiments, CY is phenyl. Insome embodiments, R^(C) is H, F, Cl, —CH₃, or CF₃.

In some embodiments, CY is unsubstituted or monosubstituted with R^(C).

In some embodiments, R⁴ is

In some embodiments, R⁴ is

In some embodiments, R⁸ is —CH₃ or —CF₃. In some embodiments, R⁸ is—CH₃.

In some embodiments, R⁴ is

In some embodiments, R⁴ is

In some embodiments, R⁴ is

In some embodiments, R⁴ is

In some embodiments, R¹⁰ is a C₁-C₆alkyl or a substituted orunsubstituted phenyl. In some embodiments, R¹⁰ is a C₁-C₆alkyl. In someembodiments, R¹⁰ is —CH₃ or —CH₂CH₃. In some embodiments, R¹⁰ is asubstituted or unsubstituted phenyl. In some embodiments, R¹⁰ is aphenyl. In some embodiments, R¹⁰ is a C₁-C₄alkyl or a phenyl.

In some embodiments, each R^(A) is independently selected from F, Cl,Br, I, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OH, —OCF₃, and —OCH₃. In some embodiments, eachR^(A) is independently selected from F, Cl, —CH₃, CF₃, —OH, —OCF₃, and—OCH₃. In some embodiments, each R^(A) is independently selected from F,Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, and —OH. In some embodiments, each R^(A) isindependently selected from F, Cl, —CH₃, and —OH.

In some embodiments, each R^(B) is independently selected from F, Cl,Br, I, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OH, —OCF₃, and —OCH₃. In some embodiments, eachR^(B) is independently selected from F, Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, and —OH. In someembodiments, each R^(B) is independently selected from F, Cl, —CH₃, and—OH.

In some embodiments, each R^(C) is independently selected from F, Cl,Br, I, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OH, —OCF₃, and —OCH₃. In some embodiments, eachR^(C) is independently selected from F, Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OH, —OCF₃, and—OCH₃. In some embodiments, each R^(C) is independently selected from F,Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, and —OH. In some embodiments, each R^(C) isindependently selected from F, Cl, —CH₃, and —CF₃. In some embodiments,each R^(C) is independently selected from F, Cl, and —OH. In someembodiments, each R^(C) is independently selected from F, and Cl.

In some embodiments, m is 0 or 1. In some embodiments, m is 0. In someembodiments, m is 1. In some embodiments, p is 0 or 1. In someembodiments, p is 0. In some embodiments, p is 1.

In some embodiments, n is 1,2, 3 or 4. In some embodiments, n is 1, 2 or3. In some embodiments, n is 1. In some embodiments, n is 2. In someembodiments, n is 3. In some embodiments, n is 4.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) has one of thefollowing structures:

In some embodiments, R¹ is —CO₂H; m is 0; p is 0, n is 1; CY is phenyl.In some embodiments, R⁸ is —CH₃; n is 1; CY is phenyl.

In some embodiments, CY is as described in Table 1 and/or Table 2.

Any combination of the groups described above for the various variablesis contemplated herein. Throughout the specification, groups andsubstituents thereof are chosen by one skilled in the field to providestable moieties and compounds.

In some embodiments, compounds of Formula (I) include, but are notlimited to, those described in Table 1, Table 2 and FIGS. 1 to 5.

TABLE 1

Cmpd # R³ R⁸ n R^(A) CY M + H*  1 —CH₃ (R)—CH₃ 1 H Phenyl 483  2 —CH₃—CH₃ 1 H Cyclohexyl 489  3 —CH₃ (R)—CH₃ 1 H 2-Methyl-phenyl 497  4 —CH₃H 1 H Phenyl 469  5 —CH₃ (S)—CH₃ 1 H Cyclopropyl 447  6 —CH₃ (R)—CH₃ 1 HCyclopropyl 447  7 —CH₃ H 1 H Cyclopropyl 433  8 —CH₃ (R)—CH₃ 1 H2-Chloro-phenyl 517  9 —CH₃ (R)—CH₃ 1 H 2-Trifluoromethyl- 551 phenyl 10—CH₃ (R)—CH₃ 2 H Phenyl 497 11 —CH₃ (R)—CH₃ 3 H Phenyl 511 12 —CH₃ —CH₃1 H 2-Methoxy-phenyl 513 13^(#) —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 H 4-Trifluoromethyl- 551phenyl 14^(#) —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 H 4-Trifluoromethyl- 551 phenyl 15 —CH₃ —CH₃ 1H 3-Cyano-phenyl 508 16 —CH₃ (R)—CH₃ 1 H 4-Methyl-phenyl 497 17 —CH₃(R)—CH₃ 1 H 3-Methyl-phenyl 497 18 —CH₃ (R)—CH₃ 1 H 4-Cyano-phenyl 50819 —CH₃ (R)—CH₃ 1 H 2-Cyano-phenyl 508 20 —CH₃ (R)—CH₃ 1 H Cyclobutyl461 21 —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 H 2-Chloro-cyclo- 496 hexenyl 22 —CH₃ (R)—CH₃ 1 H3-Trifluoromethyl- 551 phenyl 23 —CH₃ (R)—CH₃ 1 H 3-Methoxy-phenyl 51324 —CH₃ (R)—CH₃ 1 H 4-Methoxy-phenyl 513 25 —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 H 3-Bromo-phenyl561 26 —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 H 3-Chloro-phenyl 517 27 —CH₃ (S)—CH₃ 1 H Phenyl 48328 CH₃ —CH₃ 1 H 3-Hydroxy-phenyl 499 29 —CH₂CH₃ (R)—CH₃ 1 H Phenyl 49730 —CH₂CH₃ (R)—CH₃ 1 H 3-Trifluoromethyl- 565 phenyl 31 —CH₃ (R)—CH₃ 1—OCH₃ 3-Trifluoromethyl- 581 phenyl 32 —CH₃ (R)—CH₃ 1 H 3,5-Dibromo- 614phenyl 33 H (R)—CH₃ 1 H Phenyl 469 34 —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 H Phenyl 483^(#)represent individual stereoisomers; absolute configuration notdetermined *mass spectrometric data

TABLE 2

Cmpd # R^(A) R¹ CY R⁸ M + H* 35 H —C(═O)NH—S(═O)₂—CH₃ Phenyl (R)—CH₃ 56036 H —C(═O)NH—S(═O)₂-Phenyl Phenyl (R)—CH₃ 622 37 H CN Phenyl (R)—CH₃464 38 H 5-Oxo-2,5-dihydro- Phenyl (R)—CH₃ 523 [1,2,4] oxadiazol-3-yl 39H 1H-Tetrazol-5-yl Phenyl (R)—CH₃ 507 40 H —C(═O)NH—S(═O)₂—CH₃3-Trifluoromethyl- (R)—CH₃ 628 phenyl 41 —OCH₃ —C(═O)NH—S(═O)₂—CH₃3-Trifluoromethyl- (R)—CH₃ 658 phenyl *mass spectrometric data

Synthesis of Compounds

Compounds of Formula (I) described herein are synthesized using standardsynthetic techniques or using methods known in the art in combinationwith methods described herein. In additions, solvents, temperatures andother reaction conditions presented herein may vary.

The starting material used for the synthesis of the compounds of Formula(I) are either synthesized or obtained from commercial sources, such as,but not limited to, Sigma-Aldrich, Fluka, Acros Organics, Alfa Aesar,and the like. General methods for the preparation of compounds can bemodified by the use of appropriate reagents and conditions for theintroduction of the various moieties found in the formulae as providedherein.

In some embodiments, the compounds of Formula (I) are prepared asdescribed below.

In one aspect, the synthesis of compounds of Formula (I) begins with thereaction of an alkyl acetoacetate with methylamine to provide a compoundof structure II. Compounds of structure II are reacted with asubstituted or unsubstituted 4-halo-benzoyl chloride (structure III) toprovide compounds of structure IV. Treatment of compounds of structureIV with hydroxylamine and acetic acid provides isoxazoles of structureV. Hydrolysis of the ester group of isoxazoles of structure V providescarboxylic acids of structure VI. A Curtius rearrangement of carboxylicacids of structure VI in the presence of hydroxy compounds of structureVI provides carbamate compounds of structure VII.

In some embodiments, a Suzuki reaction between compounds of structureVII and compounds of structure VIII is used to provide compounds ofstructure X. In some embodiments, the Suzuki reaction includes the useof a palladium catalyst such as, Pd(PPh₃)₄ or Pd(dppf)Cl₂. In someembodiments, the Suzuki reaction includes the use of a base, such asK₂CO₃. Other metal mediated coupling reactions are known for thepreparation of compounds of structure X.

In some embodiments, compounds of structure VII are reacted with aborylating agent using transition metal mediated reaction conditions toform boronate compounds of structure IX. In some embodiments, theborylating reaction to form IX includes the use of a palladium catalyst,such as Pd(PPh₃)₄ or Pd(dppf)Cl₂, in the presence of a suitable base,such as potassium acetate. Boronate compounds of structure IX arereacted with compounds of structure XII under palladium mediatedcoupling conditions (Suzuki reaction conditions) to form compounds ofstructure XIII.

In some embodiments, the compounds of Formula (I) are prepared asdescribed in Scheme 4.

In some embodiments, biphenyl compounds of structure XIV are elaboratedinto the polycyclic compounds as shown in scheme 4. Biphenyl compoundsof structure XIV are treated with a dihaloalkyl compound, such as1,2-dibromoethane, to form a cycloalkyl group. The cyano group ishydrolysed to the acid and an ester is formed from the acid to providetricyclic compounds of structure XV. In some embodiments, R^(D) isethyl. In some embodiments, R^(D) is isopropyl. Tricyclic compounds ofstructure XV are then treated with acetyl chloride in the presence of asuitable Lewis acid, follow by conversion of the acetyl group to thecarboxylic acid and treatment of the carboxylic acid with thionylchloride to provide acid chlorides of structure XVI. Acid chlorides ofstructure XVI are then used to prepare isoxazoles of structure XVII asdescribed in Scheme 1. In some embodiments, R is an alkyl group. In someembodiments, R is methyl and R is removed from isoxazoles of structureXVII under hydrolysis conditions. In some embodiments, R is benzyl and Ris removed from isoxazoles of structure XVII under hydrogenationconditions (e.g. H₂, Pd/C). A Curtius rearrangement of carboxylic acidsof structure XVIII in the presence of hydroxy compounds CY—CH(R⁸)—OHprovides carbamate compounds of structure X.

In one aspect, the compounds of Formula (I) are prepared as outlined inthe Examples.

Further Forms of Compounds

In one aspect, compounds of Formula (I) possess one or morestereocenters and each stereocenter exists independently in either the Ror S configuration. The compounds presented herein include alldiastereomeric, and enantiomeric forms. Stereoisomers are obtained, ifdesired, by methods such as, stereoselective synthesis and/or theseparation of stereoisomers by chiral chromatographic columns.

The methods and formulations described herein include the use ofN-oxides (if appropriate), crystalline forms (also known as polymorphs),amorphous phases, and/or pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compoundshaving the structure of Formula (I), as well as metabolites and activemetabolites of these compounds having the same type of activity. In somesituations, compounds may exist as tautomers. All tautomers are includedwithin the scope of the compounds presented herein. In specificembodiments, the compounds described herein exist in solvated forms withpharmaceutically acceptable solvents such as water, ethanol, and thelike. In other embodiments, the compounds described herein exist inunsolvated form.

In some embodiments, compounds described herein are prepared asprodrugs. A “prodrug” refers to an agent that is converted into theparent drug in vivo. In certain embodiments, upon in vivoadministration, a prodrug is chemically converted to the biologically,pharmaceutically or therapeutically active form of the compound. Incertain embodiments, a prodrug is enzymatically metabolized by one ormore steps or processes to the biologically, pharmaceutically ortherapeutically active form of the compound.

In some embodiments, sites on the aromatic ring portion of compounds ofFormula (I) are susceptible to various metabolic reactions.Incorporation of appropriate substituents on the aromatic ringstructures will reduce, minimize or eliminate this metabolic pathway. Inspecific embodiments, the appropriate substituent to decrease oreliminate the susceptibility of the aromatic ring to metabolic reactionsis, by way of example only, a deuterium, a halogen, or an alkyl group.

In another embodiment, the compounds described herein are labeledisotopically or by another other means, including, but not limited to,the use of chromophores or fluorescent moieties, bioluminescent labels,or chemiluminescent labels.

In one aspect, substitution with isotopes such as deuterium affordscertain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolicstability, such as, for example, increased in vivo half-life or reduceddosage requirements.

“Pharmaceutically acceptable,” as used herein, refers a material, suchas a carrier or diluent, which does not abrogate the biological activityor properties of the compound, and is relatively nontoxic, i.e., thematerial may be administered to an individual without causingundesirable biological effects or interacting in a deleterious mannerwith any of the components of the composition in which it is contained.

In some embodiments, pharmaceutically acceptable salts are obtained byreacting a compound of Formula (I) with acids. Pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts are also obtained by reacting a compound of Formula (I)with a base to form a salt.

Compounds described herein may be formed as, and/or used as,pharmaceutically acceptable salts. The type of pharmaceutical acceptablesalts, include, but are not limited to: (1) acid addition salts, formedby reacting the free base form of the compound with a pharmaceuticallyacceptable inorganic acid (e.g. hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid,sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like); or with an organic acid(e.g. acetic acid, propionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, lacticacid, malonic acid, succinic acid, malic acid, maleic acid, fumaricacid, trifluoroacetic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid,cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid,1,2-ethanedisulfonic acid, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonicacid, toluenesulfonic acid, 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid, salicylic acid,stearic acid, muconic acid, butyric acid, phenylacetic acid,phenylbutyric acid, valproic acid, and the like); (2) salts formed whenan acidic proton present in the parent compound is replaced by a metalion, e.g., an alkali metal ion (e.g. lithium, sodium, potassium), analkaline earth ion (e.g. magnesium, or calcium), or an aluminum ion. Insome cases, compounds described herein may coordinate with an organicbase, such as, but not limited to, ethanolamine, diethanolamine,triethanolamine, tromethamine, N-methylglucamine, dicyclohexylamine,tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine. In other cases, compounds describedherein may form salts with amino acids such as, but not limited to,arginine, lysine, and the like. Acceptable inorganic bases used to formsalts with compounds that include an acidic proton, include, but are notlimited to, aluminum hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide,sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, and the like. In some embodiments, asodium salt of the compound of Formula (I) is prepared.

It should be understood that a reference to a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt includes the solvent addition forms or crystal formsthereof, particularly solvates or polymorphs. Solvates contain eitherstoichiometric or non-stoichiometric amounts of a solvent, and may beformed during the process of crystallization with pharmaceuticallyacceptable solvents such as water, ethanol, and the like. Hydrates areformed when the solvent is water, or alcoholates are formed when thesolvent is alcohol. In addition, the compounds provided herein can existin unsolvated as well as solvated forms. In general, the solvated formsare considered equivalent to the unsolvated forms for the purposes ofthe compounds and methods provided herein.

Compounds described herein, such as compounds of Formula (I), may be invarious forms, including but not limited to, amorphous forms, milledforms and nano-particulate forms. In addition, compounds describedherein include crystalline forms, also known as polymorphs. Polymorphsinclude the different crystal packing arrangements of the same elementalcomposition of a compound.

Certain Terminology

Unless otherwise stated, the following terms used in this application,including the specification and claims, have the definitions givenbelow. It must be noted that, as used in the specification and theappended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” include pluralreferents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Unlessotherwise indicated, conventional methods of mass spectroscopy, NMR,HPLC, protein chemistry, biochemistry, recombinant DNA techniques andpharmacology are employed. In this application, the use of “or” or “and”means “and/or” unless stated otherwise. Furthermore, use of the term“including” as well as other forms, such as “include”, “includes,” and“included,” is not limiting. The section headings used herein are fororganizational purposes only and are not to be construed as limiting thesubject matter described.

An “alkyl” refers to an aliphatic hydrocarbon. The alkyl may besaturated or unsaturated. The alkyl, whether saturated or unsaturated,is a branched alkyl or straight chain alkyl. Typical alkyl groupsinclude, but are in no way limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl,butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tertiary butyl, pentyl, neopentyl, hexyl,allyl, but-2-enyl, but-3-enyl, and the like.

An “alkoxy” group refers to a (alkyl)O— group, where alkyl is as definedherein.

“Cycloalkyl” refers to cyclopropyl, cyclopropenyl, cyclobutyl,cyclobutenyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexyl, or cyclohexenyl.

The term “halo” or, alternatively, “halogen” or “halide” means fluoro,chloro, bromo or iodo.

The term “fluoroalkyl” refers to an alkyl in which one or more hydrogenatoms are replaced by a fluorine atom.

The term “heteroalkyl” refers to an alkyl group in which one or moreskeletal atoms of the alkyl are selected from an atom other than carbon,e.g., oxygen, nitrogen (e.g. NH or Nalkyl), sulfur, or combinationsthereof. In some embodiments, one aspect, heteroalkyl refers to an alkylgroup in which one of the skeletal atoms of the alkyl is oxygen.

The term “optionally substituted” or “substituted” means that thereferenced group may be substituted with one or more additional group(s)individually and independently selected from halogen, —CN, —NH₂, —OH,—NH(CH₃), —N(CH₃)₂, alkyl, cycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heteroalkyl, alkoxy,fluoroalkoxy, —S-alkyl, or —S(═O)₂alkyl. In some embodiments, anoptional substituent is selected from halogen, —CN, —NH₂, —OH, —NH(CH₃),—N(CH₃)₂, —CH₃, —CH₂CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, and —OCF₃. In some embodiments,substituted groups are substituted with one or two of the precedinggroups. In some embodiments, substituted groups are substituted with oneof the preceding groups.

The term “acceptable” with respect to a formulation, composition oringredient, as used herein, means having no persistent detrimentaleffect on the general health of the subject being treated.

The term “modulate,” as used herein, means to interact with a targeteither directly or indirectly so as to alter the activity of the target,including, by way of example only, to enhance the activity of thetarget, to inhibit the activity of the target, to limit the activity ofthe target, or to extend the activity of the target.

The term “modulator,” as used herein, refers to a molecule thatinteracts with a target either directly or indirectly. The interactionsinclude, but are not limited to, the interactions of an agonist, partialagonist, an inverse agonist and antagonist. In one embodiment, amodulator is an antagonist.

The term “agonist,” as used herein, refers to a molecule such as acompound, a drug, an enzyme activator or a hormone modulator that bindsto a specific receptor and triggers a response in the cell. An agonistmimics the action of an endogenous ligand (such as LPA, prostaglandin,hormone or neurotransmitter) that binds to the same receptor.

The term “antagonist,” as used herein, refers to a molecule such as acompound, which diminishes, inhibits, or prevents the action of anothermolecule or the activity of a receptor site. Antagonists include, butare not limited to, competitive antagonists, non-competitiveantagonists, uncompetitive antagonists, partial agonists and inverseagonists.

The term “LPA-dependent”, as used herein, refers to conditions ordisorders that would not occur, or would not occur to the same extent,in the absence of LPA.

The term “LPA-mediated”, as used herein, refers to refers to conditionsor disorders that might occur in the absence of LPA but can occur in thepresence of LPA.

The terms “co-administration” or the like, as used herein, are meant toencompass administration of the selected therapeutic agents to a singlepatient, and are intended to include treatment regimens in which theagents are administered by the same or different route of administrationor at the same or different time.

The terms “effective amount” or “therapeutically effective amount,” asused herein, refer to a sufficient amount of an agent or a compoundbeing administered which will relieve to some extent one or more of thesymptoms of the disease or condition being treated. The result can bereduction and/or alleviation of the signs, symptoms, or causes of adisease, or any other desired alteration of a biological system. Forexample, an “effective amount” for therapeutic uses is the amount of thecomposition comprising a compound as disclosed herein required toprovide a clinically significant decrease in disease symptoms. Anappropriate “effective” amount in any individual case may be determinedusing techniques, such as a dose escalation study.

The term “pharmaceutical combination” as used herein, means a productthat results from the mixing or combining of more than one activeingredient and includes both fixed and non-fixed combinations of theactive ingredients. The term “fixed combination” means that the activeingredients, e.g. a compound of Formula (I) and a co-agent, are bothadministered to a patient simultaneously in the form of a single entityor dosage. The term “non-fixed combination” means that the activeingredients, e.g. a compound of Formula (I) and a co-agent, areadministered to a patient as separate entities either simultaneously,concurrently or sequentially with no specific intervening time limits,wherein such administration provides effective levels of the twocompounds in the body of the patient. The latter also applies tococktail therapy, e.g. the administration of three or more activeingredients.

The term “subject” or “patient” encompasses mammals. Examples of mammalsinclude, but are not limited to, humans, chimpanzees, apes, monkey,cattle, horses, sheep, goats, swine, rabbits, dogs, cats, rodents, rats,mice guinea pigs, and the like. In one embodiment, the mammal is ahuman.

The terms “treat,” “treating” or “treatment,” as used herein, includealleviating, abating or ameliorating at least one symptom of a diseaseor condition, preventing additional symptoms, inhibiting the disease orcondition, e.g., arresting the development of the disease or condition,relieving the disease or condition, causing regression of the disease orcondition, relieving a condition caused by the disease or condition, orstopping the symptoms of the disease or condition eitherprophylactically and/or therapeutically.

Pharmaceutical Compositions/Formulations and Routes of Administration

In some embodiments, the compounds described herein are formulated intopharmaceutical compositions. Pharmaceutical compositions are formulatedin a conventional manner using one or more pharmaceutically acceptableinactive ingredients that facilitate processing of the active compoundsinto preparations that can be used pharmaceutically. Proper formulationis dependent upon the route of administration chosen. A summary ofpharmaceutical compositions described herein can be found, for example,in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Nineteenth Ed(Easton, Pa.: Mack Publishing Company, 1995); Hoover, John E.,Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa.1975; Liberman, H. A. and Lachman, L., Eds., Pharmaceutical DosageForms, Marcel Decker, New York, N.Y., 1980; and Pharmaceutical DosageForms and Drug Delivery Systems, Seventh Ed. (Lippincott Williams &Wilkins 1999), herein incorporated by reference for such disclosure.

A pharmaceutical composition, as used herein, refers to a mixture of acompound of Formula (I) with other chemical components (i.e.pharmaceutically acceptable inactive ingredients), such as carriers,excipients, binders, filling agents, suspending agents, flavoringagents, sweetening agents, disintegrating agents, dispersing agents,surfactants, lubricants, colorants, diluents, solubilizers, moisteningagents, plasticizers, stabilizers, penetration enhancers, wettingagents, anti-foaming agents, antioxidants, preservatives, or one or morecombination thereof. The pharmaceutical composition facilitatesadministration of the compound to an organism.

Pharmaceutical formulations described herein are administerable to asubject in a variety of ways by multiple administration routes,including but not limited to, oral, parenteral (e.g., intravenous,subcutaneous, intramuscular, intramedullary injections, intrathecal,direct intraventricular, intraperitoneal, intralymphatic, intranasalinjections), intranasal, buccal, topical or transdermal administrationroutes. The pharmaceutical formulations described herein include, butare not limited to, aqueous liquid dispersions, self-emulsifyingdispersions, solid solutions, liposomal dispersions, aerosols, soliddosage forms, powders, immediate release formulations, controlledrelease formulations, fast melt formulations, tablets, capsules, pills,delayed release formulations, extended release formulations, pulsatilerelease formulations, multiparticulate formulations, and mixed immediateand controlled release formulations.

In some embodiments, the compounds of Formula (I) are administeredorally.

In some embodiments, the compounds of Formula (I) are administeredtopically. In such embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) isformulated into a variety of topically administrable compositions, suchas solutions, suspensions, lotions, gels, pastes, shampoos, scrubs,rubs, smears, medicated sticks, medicated bandages, balms, creams orointments. In one aspect, the compounds of Formula (I) are administeredtopically to the skin.

In another aspect, the compounds of Formula (I) are administered byinhalation.

In another aspect, the compounds of Formula (I) are formulated forintranasal administration. Such formulations include nasal sprays, nasalmists, and the like.

In another aspect, the compounds of Formula (I) are formulated as eyedrops.

In any of the aforementioned aspects are further embodiments in whichthe effective amount of the compound of Formula (I) is: (a) systemicallyadministered to the mammal; and/or (b) administered orally to themammal; and/or (c) intravenously administered to the mammal; and/or (d)administered by inhalation to the mammal; and/or (e) administered bynasal administration to the mammal; or and/or (f) administered byinjection to the mammal; and/or (g) administered topically to themammal; and/or (h) administered by ophthalmic administration; and/or (i)administered rectally to the mammal; and/or (j) adminsterednon-systemically or locally to the mammal.

In any of the aforementioned aspects are further embodiments comprisingsingle administrations of the effective amount of the compound,including further embodiments in which (i) the compound is administeredonce; (ii) the compound is administered to the mammal multiple timesover the span of one day; (iii) continually; or (iv) continuously.

In any of the aforementioned aspects are further embodiments comprisingmultiple administrations of the effective amount of the compound,including further embodiments in which (i) the compound is administeredcontinuously or intermittently: as in a single dose; (ii) the timebetween multiple administrations is every 6 hours; (iii) the compound isadministered to the mammal every 8 hours; (iv) the compound isadministered to the mammal every 12 hours; (v) the compound isadministered to the mammal every 24 hours. In further or alternativeembodiments, the method comprises a drug holiday, wherein theadministration of the compound is temporarily suspended or the dose ofthe compound being administered is temporarily reduced; at the end ofthe drug holiday, dosing of the compound is resumed. In one embodiment,the length of the drug holiday varies from 2 days to 1 year.

In certain embodiments, a compound as described herein is administeredin a local rather than systemic manner.

In some embodiments, the compound described herein is administeredtopically. In some embodiments, the compound described herein isadministered systemically.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical formulation is in the form of atablet. In other embodiments, pharmaceutical formulations of thecompounds of Formula (I) are in the form of a capsule.

In one aspect, liquid formulation dosage forms for oral administrationare in the form of aqueous suspensions or solutions selected from thegroup including, but not limited to, aqueous oral dispersions,emulsions, solutions, elixirs, gels, and syrups.

For administration by inhalation, a compound of Formula (I) isformulated for use as an aerosol, a mist or a powder.

For buccal or sublingual administration, the compositions may take theform of tablets, lozenges, or gels formulated in a conventional manner.

In some embodiments, compounds of Formula (I) are prepared astransdermal dosage forms.

In one aspect, a compound of Formula (I) is formulated into apharmaceutical composition suitable for intramuscular, subcutaneous, orintravenous injection.

In some embodiments, the compounds described herein may be administeredtopically and can be formulated into a variety of topicallyadministrable compositions, such as solutions, suspensions, lotions,gels, pastes, medicated sticks, balms, creams or ointments.

In some embodiments, the compounds of Formula (I) are formulated inrectal compositions such as enemas, rectal gels, rectal foams, rectalaerosols, suppositories, jelly suppositories, or retention enemas.

Methods of Dosing and Treatment Regimens

In one embodiment, the compounds of Formula (I) are used in thepreparation of medicaments for the treatment of LPA-dependent orLPA-mediated diseases or conditions. In addition, a method for treatingany of the diseases or conditions described herein in a subject in needof such treatment, involves administration of pharmaceuticalcompositions that include at least one compound of Formula (I) or apharmaceutically acceptable salt, active metabolite, prodrug, or solvatethereof, in therapeutically effective amounts to said subject.

In certain embodiments, the compositions containing the compound(s)described herein are administered for prophylactic and/or therapeutictreatments. In certain therapeutic applications, the compositions areadministered to a patient already suffering from a disease or condition,in an amount sufficient to cure or at least partially arrest at leastone of the symptoms of the disease or condition. Amounts effective forthis use depend on the severity and course of the disease or condition,previous therapy, the patient's health status, weight, and response tothe drugs, and the judgment of the treating physician. Therapeuticallyeffective amounts are optionally determined by methods including, butnot limited to, a dose escalation clinical trial.

In prophylactic applications, compositions containing the compoundsdescribed herein are administered to a patient susceptible to orotherwise at risk of a particular disease, disorder or condition.

In certain embodiments, the dose of drug being administered may betemporarily reduced or temporarily suspended for a certain length oftime (i.e., a “drug holiday”).

Doses employed for adult human treatment are typically in the range of0.01 mg-5000 mg per day or from about 1 mg to about 1000 mg per day. Inone embodiment, the desired dose is conveniently presented in a singledose or in divided doses.

Patient Selection

In any of the aforementioned aspects involving the prevention ortreatment of LPA-mediated diseases or conditions are further embodimentscomprising identifying patients by screening for LPA receptor gene SNPs.Patients can be further selected based on increased LPA receptorexpression in the tissue of interest. LPA receptor expression aredetermined by methods including, but not limited to, northern blotting,western blotting, quantitative PCR (qPCR), flow cytometry,autoradiography (using a small molecule radioligand or PET ligand). Insome embodiments, patients are selected based on the concentration ofserum or tissue LPA measured by mass spectrometry. In some embodiments,patients are selected based on a combination of the above markers(increased LPA concentrations and increased LPA receptor expression).

Combination Treatments

In certain instances, it is appropriate to administer at least onecompound of Formula (I) in combination with another therapeutic agent.

In one specific embodiment, a compound of Formula (I) is co-administeredwith a second therapeutic agent, wherein the compound of Formula (I) andthe second therapeutic agent modulate different aspects of the disease,disorder or condition being treated, thereby providing a greater overallbenefit than administration of either therapeutic agent alone.

For combination therapies described herein, dosages of theco-administered compounds vary depending on the type of co-drug(s)employed, on the specific drug(s) employed, on the disease or conditionbeing treated and so forth. In additional embodiments, whenco-administered with one or more other therapeutic agents, the compoundprovided herein is administered either simultaneously with the one ormore other therapeutic agents, or sequentially.

If administration is simultaneous, the multiple therapeutic agents are,by way of example only, provided in a single, unified form, or inmultiple forms.

In another embodiment described herein, methods for treatment ofproliferative disorders, including cancer, comprises administration to amammal a compound of Formula (I) in combination with one or moreanti-cancer agents and/or radiation therapy.

In one aspect, compounds of Formula (I) are to treat or reduce fibrosisin a mammal. In one aspect, compounds of Formula (I) are administered incombination with one or more immunosuppressants. In some embodiments, acompound of Formula (I) is administered with corticosteroids.

In yet another embodiment described herein, methods for treatingLPA-dependent or LPA-mediated conditions or diseases, such as thetherapy of respiratory disorders (e.g., pulmonary fibrosis, asthma,COPD, rhinitis), comprises administration to a patient compounds,pharmaceutical compositions, or medicaments described herein incombination with at least one agent used in the treatment of respiratoryconditions.

In some embodiments, compounds of Formula (I) are administered to apatient in combination with anti-inflammatory agents.

In one embodiment, compounds of Formula (I) are administered to apatient in combination with inhaled corticosteroids.

EXAMPLES

These examples are provided for illustrative purposes only and not tolimit the scope of the claims provided herein.

Synthesis of Compounds (R)-2′-chloro-alpha-methylbenzyl alcohol

Using the procedure of Meier et al (Tetrahedron, 1996, 52, 589; Method3), 2′-chloroacetophenone (Aldrich) was reduced to give(R)-2′-chloro-alpha-methylbenzylalcohol. (% e.e. determined by HPLCanalysis of the acetate derivative (made by reacting the benzyl alcoholwith acetyl chloride and triethylamine in methylene chloride) usingChiralcel OD eluted with 99:1 Hexane:Ethanol. R isomer retention time4.3 minutes)

(S)-2′-chloro-alpha-methylbenzyl alcohol

Using the procedure of Meier et al (Tetrahedron, 1996, 52, 589; Method3), 2′-chloroacetophenone (Aldrich) was reduced to give(S)-2′-chloro-alpha-methylbenzylalcohol. (% e.e. determined by HPLCanalysis of the acetate derivative (made by reacting the benzyl alcoholwith acetyl chloride and triethylamine in methylene chloride) usingChiralcel OD eluted with 99:1 Hexane:Ethanol. S isomer retention time5.3 minutes).

(R)-2′-fluoro-alpha-methylbenzyl alcohol

Using the procedure of Meier et al (Tetrahedron, 1996, 52, 589; Method3), 2′-fluoroacetophenone (Aldrich) was reduced to give(R)-2′-fluoro-alpha-methylbenzylalcohol. (% e.e. determined by HPLCanalysis of the acetate derivative (made by reacting the benzyl alcoholwith acetyl chloride and triethylamine in methylene chloride) usingChiralcel OD eluted with 99.8:0.2 Hexane:Ethanol. R isomer retentiontime 5.9 minutes).

(S)-2′-fluoro-alpha-methylbenzyl alcohol

Using the procedure of Meier et al (Tetrahedron, 1996, 52, 589; Method3), 2′-fluoroacetophenone (Aldrich) was reduced to give(S)-2′-fluoro-alpha-methylbenzylalcohol. (% e.e. determined by HPLCanalysis of the acetate derivative (made by reacting the benzyl alcoholwith acetyl chloride and triethylamine in methylene chloride) usingChiralcel OD eluted with 99.8:0.2 Hexane:Ethanol. S isomer retentiontime 6.7 minutes).

Example 1 Synthesis of1-{4′-[3-Methyl-4-((R)-1-phenyl-ethoxycarbonylamino)-isoxazol-5-yl]-biphenyl-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid (Compound 1)

Step 1: 3-Methylamino-but-2-enoic acid methyl ester: To a solution ofmethyl acetoacetate (29.4 g, 253 mmol) in MeOH (30 mL) was addedmethylamine (33 wt % in EtOH; 48 mL, 385 mmol) dropwise at roomtemperature. The reaction was stirred for 1 hour, and then concentratedand dried to give the title compound as a white crystalline solid.

Step 2: 2-(4-Bromo-benzoyl)-3-oxo-butyric acid methyl ester: To3-methylamino-but-2-enoic acid methyl ester (5.0 g, 39.1 mmol) in THF(70 mL) was added pyridine (3.7 mL). The mixture was cooled to 0° C.,and 4-bromobenzoyl chloride (8.55 g, 39.1 mmol) in THF (30 mL) was addeddropwise over 2 minutes. The reaction was warmed to room temperatureover 1 hour and then stirred at room temperature overnight. Aqueouswork-up gave the title compound.

Step 3: 5-(4-Bromo-phenyl)-3-methyl-isoxazole-4-carboxylic acid methylester: 2-(4-Bromo-benzoyl)-3-oxo-butyric acid methyl ester (11 g, 39mmol) and hydroxylamine hydrochloride (2.66 g, 39 mmol) were combined inacetic acid (50 mL), and the reaction was stirred at 115° C. for 1 hour.After cooling, aqueous work-up gave the title compound.

Step 4: 5-(4-Bromo-phenyl)-3-methyl-isoxazole-4-carboxylic acid: Lithiumhydroxide (2 g, 47.7 mmol) was added to a solution of5-(4-bromo-phenyl)-3-methyl-isoxazole-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester (7g, 23.6 mmol) in MeOH (50 mL) and H₂O (10 mL), and the reaction wasstirred at 60° C. for 1 hour. Acidic work-up the title compound.

Step 5: [5-(4-Bromo-phenyl)-3-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl]-carbamic acid(R)-1-phenyl-ethyl ester:5-(4-Bromo-phenyl)-3-methyl-isoxazole-4-carboxylic acid (2.0 g, 7.09mmol) and triethylamine (0.99 mL, 7.09 mmol) were dissolved in toluene(50 mL). Diphenylphosphoryl azide (1.5 mL, 7.09 mmol) was added,followed by (R)-(+)-1-phenylethyl alcohol (0.865 g, 7.09 mmol;commercially available or prepared using procedures described herein orin the literature: e.g. E. J. Corey et al. J. Am. Chem. 1987, 109,5551-5553), and the reaction was stirred at 80° C. for 4 hours. Themixture was concentrated, and the residue was purified by silica gelchromatography to give the title compound.

Step 6:1-{4′-[3-Methyl-4-((R)-1-phenyl-ethoxycarbonylamino)-isoxazol-5-yl]-biphenyl-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid: [5-(4-Bromo-phenyl)-3-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl]-carbamic acid(R)-1-phenyl-ethyl ester (0.248 g, 0.62 mmol),4-(1′-carboxyl-cyclopropyl)phenylboronic acid (0.160 g, 0.62 mmol), andsodium carbonate (0.155 g, 1.85 mmol) were combined in 2:1 DME:H₂O. Thesolution was purged with N₂ for 10 minutes, and thenbis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) dichloride (0.047 g, 0.06 mmol) wasadded. The reaction was purged with N₂ for an additional 10 minutes, andthen stirred in a sealed tube at 80° C. for 2 hours. The mixture waspartitioned between EtOAc and H₂O, and the aqueous layer was extractedwith EtOAc. The combined organic layers were dried over MgSO₄, filtered,and concentrated, and the residue was purified by silica gelchromatography to give the title compound.

Example 1a Alternate synthesis of1-{4′-[3-Methyl-4-((R)-1-phenyl-ethoxycarbonylamino)-isoxazol-5-yl]-biphenyl-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid (Compound 1)

Step 1: 1-(biphenyl-4-yl)cyclopropanecarbonitrile:4-phenyl-phenylacetonitrile (VWR scientific, 55.7 g, 289 mmol) was addedto a solution of KOH (161.6 g, 2890 mmol) in water (170 mL) and toluene(550 mL) at room temperature. Tetrabutyl ammonium bromide (9.2 g, 29mmol) followed by 1,2 dibromoethane (64.9 g, 347 mmol) were added andthe solution was heated to 65° C. overnight. Reaction complete by TLC(10% EtOAc/hex). The organic layer was extracted 2 times with dilutehydrochloric acid, dried and evaporated to yield 63 g of1-(biphenyl-4-yl)cyclopropanecarbonitrile.

Step 2: 1-(Biphenyl-4-yl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid:1-(Biphenyl-4-yl)cyclopropanecarbonitrile (63 g, 288 mmol), KOH (1130mmol) and ethylene glycol (350 mL) were heated to 160° C. for 6 hours(reaction complete by LCMS). The solution was cooled to roomtemperature, water (1.5 L) was added and the solution acidified toprecipitate the product. The product was filtered overnight on a largeBuchner (product formed a gel like suspension). The resulting wet solidwas extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (˜2 L) and water, dried and evaporated toyield ˜60 g of 1-(biphenyl-4-yl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid that wasused as such in the next step.

Step 3: 1-(Biphenyl-4-yl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid ethyl ester:1-(Biphenyl-4-yl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid (10 g, 42 mmol), ethanol(100 mL) and sulfuric acid (40 mL) were heated to 65° C. for 4 hours.The product was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ and water (2×), dried andevaporated to yield 9.5 g of 1-(biphenyl-4-yl)cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester.

Step 4: 1-(4′-Acetylbiphenyl-4-yl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid ethylester: To 1-(biphenyl-4-yl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid ethyl ester (9 g,33.8 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (100 mL) was added aluminum chloride (9.4 g, 71mmol) followed by acetyl chloride (5.5 g, 71 mmol). The solution wasstirred at room temperature for 1.5 hours then slowly poured into water.The organic layer was separated and extracted 2 times with water. Theorganic layer was dried and evaporated to yield 11.3 g of the titlecompound.

Step 5: 4′-(1-(Ethoxycarbonyl)cyclopropyl)biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid: To1-(4′-acetylbiphenyl-4-yl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid ethyl ester (10.1g, 33 mmol) in dioxane (200 mL) at ˜10° C. was added a solution ofbromine (26.4 g, 165 mmol), sodium hydroxide (22.4 g, 561 mmol) in water(150 mL). The solution was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes,poured into water (500 mL) and acidified with dilute hydrochloric acid.Sodium metabisulfite was added until the brown bromine color dissipated.The product was filtered and dried in a vacuum over overnight at 40° C.to yield 10g of 4′-(1-(ethoxycarbonyl)cyclopropyl)biphenyl-4-carboxylicacid.

Step 6: 3-Methylamino-but-2-enoic acid benzyl ester: To benzylacetoacetate (29 g, 151 mmol) in ethanol (30 mL) was added methyl amine(33% in ethanol, 7.02 g, 226 mmol). The solution was stirred for 2 hoursat room temperature followed by evaporation to yield a yellow oil (˜30g).

Step 7: Ethyl1-(4′-(2-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-3-(methylamino)but-2-enoyl)biphenyl-4-yl)cyclopropanecarboxylate:4′-(1-(Ethoxycarbonyl)cyclopropyl)biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid (4.47 g,14.4 mmol), dichloroethane (50 mL), DMF (0.1 mL), thionyl chloride (2.3mL, 32 mmol) were heated to 80° C. for 1 hours. (acid chloride formationwas monitored by adding small aliquot (100 μL) to a solution of benzylamine in acetonitrile and analyzing for the benzyl amide by LCMS; nostarting material was observed by LCMS). The solution was evaporated ona rotavap and THF (10 mL) was added. The solution of the acid chloridein THF was added via syringe to a solution of 3-methylamino-but-2-enoicacid benzyl ester (3.23 g, 15.8 mmol) and pyridine (2.4 mL, 30.2 mmol)in THF (50 mL). The solution was stirred at 50° C. for 2 hours then thevolatiles were evaporated using a rotavap to yield the crude product.

Step 8: Benzyl5-(4′-(1-(ethoxycarbonyl)cyclopropyl)biphenyl-4-yl)-3-methylisoxazole-4-carboxylate:To the crude material from the previous reaction was added hydroxylaminehydrochloride (1.5 g, 21.6 mmol) and acetic acid (50 mL). The solutionwas heated to 95° C. for 30 minutes cooled to room temperature,extracted with CH₂Cl₂ and water (4 times, second and third time madebasic with sodium bicarbonate). Dried, evaporated and purified on column0 to 20% EtOAc/hexanes to yield 3.3 g of product.

Step 9:5-(4′-(1-(ethoxycarbonyl)cyclopropyl)biphenyl-4-yl)-3-methylisoxazole-4-carboxylicacid: The benzyl ester from Step 8 (1 g, 2.1 mmol) in ethyl acetate (10mL) was degassed with nitrogen for 10 minutes. 10% Palladium onactivated carbon (0.2 g, 0.2 mmol) was added and the solution wassparged with hydrogen via balloon. The balloon of hydrogen wasmaintained on the head space and the solution stirred for 1.5 hours. Thereaction was diluted with ethanol and actone (to solublize the product),filtered through celite and evaporated to yield 700 mg product.

Step 10:1-{4′-[3-Methyl-4-((R)-1-phenyl-ethoxycarbonylamino)-isoxazol-5-yl]-biphenyl-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester: To the acid from Step 9 (0.5 g, 1.28 mmol) in toluene(5 mL) was added (R)-1-phenyl ethanol (0.16 g, 1.34 mmol), triethylamine (0.26 g, 2.56 mmol) and diphenyl phosphoryl azide (0.39 g, 1.4mmol). The solution was heated to 80° C. for 1 hour, cooled to roomtemperature and extracted with water 3 times. The organic layer waddried and evaporated to yield 0.61 g. The product was further purifiedby column 0 to 40% EtOAc/hex to yield 0.42 g of pure product (65%) as anoil that foams on drying under vacuum.

Step 11:1-{4′-[3-Methyl-4-((R)-1-phenyl-ethoxycarbonylamino)-isoxazol-5-yl]-biphenyl-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid: To ethyl ester (22.7 g, 44 mmol) in methanol (300 mL) was addedlithium hydroxide (9.1 g, 222 mmol). The solution was heated to 65° C.for 2 hours, extracted into methylene chloride and washed with dilutedhydrochloric acid. The organic layer was dried and evaporated to yield20.8 grams product.

Example 1b Alternate synthesis of1-{4′-[3-Methyl-4-((R)-1-phenyl-ethoxycarbonylamino)-isoxazol-5-yl]-biphenyl-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid (Compound 1)

Step 1: 1-(Biphenyl-4-yl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid isopropyl ester:1-(Biphenyl-4-yl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid (10 g, 42 mmol),isopropanol (100 mL), thionyl chloride (6.8 mL, 92 mmol) were heated to65° C. for 4 hours. Sulfuric acid (20 mL) was added and heated at 65° C.overnight. The product is extracted with CH₂Cl₂ and water (2×) dried andevaporated to yield 10.8 g of the title compound.

Step 2: 1-(4′-Acetylbiphenyl-4-yl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid isopropylester: To 1-(biphenyl-4-yl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid isopropyl ester(10.2 g, 36 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (100 mL) was added aluminum chloride (10.2g, 76.5 mmol) followed by acetyl chloride (5.97 g, 76.5 mmol). Thesolution was stirred at room temperature for 1.5 hours then slowlypoured into water. The organic layer was separated and extracted 1 timewith sodium potassium tartrate solution (20 g in 250 mL water). Theorganic layer was dried and evaporated to yield 12.6 g of the titlecompound.

Step 3: 4′-(1-(isopropoxycarbonyl)cyclopropyl)biphenyl-4-carboxylicacid: To 1-(4′-acetylbiphenyl-4-yl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid isopropylester (11.6 g, 36 mmol) in dioxane (200 mL) at ˜10° C. was added asolution of bromine (28.8 g, 180 mmol), sodium hydroxide (24.5 g, 612mmol) in water (150 mL). The solution was stirred at room temperaturefor 30 minutes poured into water (500 mL) and acidified with dilutehydrochloric acid. Sodium metabisulfite was added until the brownbromine color dissipated. The product was filtered and dried in a vacuumover overnight at 40° C. to yield 10 g of the title compound.

Step 4: Isopropyl1-(4′-(2-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-3-(methylamino)but-2-enoyl)biphenyl-4-yl)cyclopropanecarboxylate:4′-(1-(Isopropoxycarbonyl)cyclopropyl)biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid (9.2 g,28 mmol), dichloroethane (50 mL), DMF (0.1 mL), thionyl chloride (5.5mL, 62 mmol) were heated to 75° C. for 1.5 hours. (acid chlorideformation was monitored by adding small aliquot (100 μL) to a solutionof benzyl amine in acetonitrile and analyzing for the benzyl amide byLCMS; no starting material was observed by LCMS). The solution wasevaporated on a rotavap and THF (10 mL) was added. The solution of theacid chloride in THF was added via syringe to a solution of3-methylamino-but-2-enoic acid methyl ester (4.0 g, 31.2 mmol) andpyridine (5.5 mL, 70 mmol) in THF (50 mL). The solution was stirred atroom temperature overnight. The volatiles were evaporated on a rotavapto yield the crude product.

Step 5: Methyl5-(4′-(1-(isopropoxycarbonyl)cyclopropyl)biphenyl-4-yl)-3-methylisoxazole-4-carboxylate:To the crude material from the previous reaction was added hydroxylaminehydrochloride (2.9 g, 42 mmol) and acetic acid (50 mL). The solution washeated to 100° C. for 30 minutes cooled to room temperature, extractedwith CH₂Cl₂ and water (4 times, second and third time made basic withsodium bicarbonate). The organic phase was dried, evaporated andpurified on column (220 g silica; 0 to 20% EtOAc/hexanes) to yield 6 gof product.

Step 6:5-(4′-(1-(propoxycarbonyl)cyclopropyl)biphenyl-4-yl)-3-methylisoxazole-4-carboxylicacid: To the methyl ester from Step 5 (5.2 g, 12.4 mmol) in THF (100 mL)and ethanol (20 mL) was added a solution of sodium hydroxide (1.5 g,37.2 mmol) in water (40 mL). The solution was stirred at roomtemperature 3 hours. ˜50 mL solvent evaporated and 200 mL water added.The product was precipitated out of solution with dilute hydrochloricacid to pH 2. The product was isolated by filtration to yield 4.6 gramsof the title compound.

Step 7:1-{4′-[3-Methyl-4-((R)-1-phenyl-ethoxycarbonylamino)-isoxazol-5-yl]-biphenyl-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid isopropyl ester: To the acid from Step 6 (4.0 g, 10 mmol) intoluene (50 mL) was added R-1-phenyl ethanol (1.33 g, 11 mmol), triethylamine (2.02 g, 20 mmol) and diphenyl phosphoryl azide (3.16 g, 11.5mmol). The solution was heated to 80° C. for 1 hour cooled to roomtemperature and extracted with water 3 times. The organic layer waddried and evaporated to yield 5.7 g of the title compound.

Step 8:1-{4′-[3-Methyl-4-((R)-1-phenyl-ethoxycarbonylamino)-isoxazol-5-yl]-biphenyl-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid: To the isopropyl ester from Step 7 (5.2 g, 10 mmol) in THF (30mL), MeOH (10 mL) was added NaOH (2 g, 50 mmol) in water (10 mL). Thesolution is heated to 65° C. for 5 hours. The solution was cooled toroom temperature, extracted with methylene chloride and dilutehydrochloric acid. The organic was dried and evaporated and the productwas purified by column chromatography (0 to 60% EtOAc/hexanes) to yield˜3.5 grams of product.

Example 2 Synthesis of1-{4′-[3-Methyl-4-((R)-1-o-tolyl-ethoxycarbonylamino)-isoxazol-5-yl]-biphenyl-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid (Compound 3)

Step 1: 1-(4-Bromo-phenyl)-cyclopropanecarbonitrile: Potassium hydroxide(14.3 g, 255 mmol) was dissolved in H₂O (5 mL) and toluene (40 mL).4-Bromophenylacetonitrile (5.0 g, 25.5 mmol) and tetrabutylammoniumbromide (0.41 g, 1.3 mmol) was added, followed by 1,2-dibromoethane(3.25 mL, 38 mmol) dropwise over 10 minutes. The reaction was stirred atroom temperature for 2 hours and then worked-up to give the titlecompound.

Step 2: 1-(4-Bromo-phenyl)-cyclopropanecarboxylic acid:1-(4-Bromo-phenyl)-cyclopropanecarbonitrile (5 g, 22.5 mmol) andpotassium hydroxide (5 g, 89.3 mmol) were combined in ethylene glycol(70 mL), and the reaction was stirred at 180° C. for 4 hours. Themixture was poured into H₂O, acidified, and filtered to give the titlecompound.

Step 3: 1-(4-Bromo-phenyl)-cyclopropanecarboxylic acid ethyl ester:1-(4-Bromo-phenyl)-cyclopropanecarboxylic acid (5 g, 20.7 mmol) in EtOH(50 mL) was treated with sulfuric acid (2 mL), and the reaction wasstirred at 75° C. for 1 hour. The mixture was worked up to give thetitle compound.

Step 4:1-[4-(4,4,5,5-Tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-phenyl]-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester: 1-(4-Bromo-phenyl)-cyclopropanecarboxylic acid ethylester (3.6 g, 13.4 mmol), bis(pinacolato)diboron (3.37 g, 16.1 mmol),and potassium acetate (2.8 g, 29 mmol) were combined in 1,4-dioxane (30mL). The solution was purged with N₂ for 10 minutes, and then(1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene)-dichloropalladium(II) (0.50 g,0.65 mmol) was added and the reaction was heated to 80° C. for 2 hours.Aqueous work-up, followed by silica gel chromatography (0-30% EtOAc inhexanes), gave the title compound.

Step 5: (R)-1-o-Tolyl-ethanol: (S)-(−)-2-Methyl-CBS-oxazaborolidine(3.72 g, 13.4 mmol) was dissolved in THF (60 mL). Borane methyl sulfidecomplex (2M in THF; 36.6 mL, 73.3 mmol) was added, and the mixture wascooled to 0° C. 2′-Methylacetophenone (15 g, 111 mmol) in THF (30 mL)was added over 1 hour, and the mixture was then worked-up to yield aliquid with a white precipitate. Hexanes was added, the suspension wasfiltered to remove the precipitate, and the resulting filtrate wasconcentrated to give the title compound in 93% e.e.

Step 6: [5-(4-Bromo-phenyl)-3-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl]-carbamic acid(R)-1-o-tolyl-ethyl ester: Prepared according to the procedure describedin Example 1, Step 5 using5-(4-bromo-phenyl)-3-methyl-isoxazole-4-carboxylic acid and(R)-1-o-tolyl-ethanol.

Step 7:1-{4′-[3-Methyl-4-((R)-1-o-tolyl-ethoxycarbonylamino)-isoxazol-5-yl]-biphenyl-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester: Prepared according to the procedure described inExample 1, Step 6 using[5-(4-bromo-phenyl)-3-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl]-carbamic acid(R)-1-o-tolyl-ethyl ester,1-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-phenyl]-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester, and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0).

Step 8:1-{4′-[3-Methyl-4-((R)-1-o-tolyl-ethoxycarbonylamino)-isoxazol-5-yl]-biphenyl-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid: To1-{4′-[3-methyl-4-((R)-1-o-tolyl-ethoxycarbonylamino)-isoxazol-5-yl]-biphenyl-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester (0.36 mmol) in 2:1 MeOH:H₂O was added lithium hydroxide(1.1 mmol), and the reaction was stirred at room temperature until nostarting material was seen by analytical LCMS. The mixture was acidifiedwith 1N aqueous HCl and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organiclayers were dried, filtered, and concentrated to give the titlecompound.

Example 3a Synthesis of(R)-1-{4′-[4-(1-Cyclopropyl-ethoxycarbonylamino)-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl]-biphenyl-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid (Compound 6)

Step 1: [5-(4-Bromo-phenyl)-3-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl]-carbamic acid1-cyclopropyl-ethyl ester: Prepared according to the procedure describedin Example 1, Step 5 using5-(4-bromo-phenyl)-3-methyl-isoxazole-4-carboxylic acid andalpha-methylcyclopropanemethanol.

Step 2:1-{4′-[4-(1-Cyclopropyl-ethoxycarbonylamino)-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl]-biphenyl-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester: Prepared according to the procedure described inExample 1, Step 6 using[5-(4-bromo-phenyl)-3-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl]-carbamic acid1-cyclopropyl-ethyl ester and1-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-phenyl]-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester; the isolated material was then purified by preparativeHPLC, using a Chiracel OD column (97:3 hexanes:EtOH) to provideenantiomer A and enantiomer B. Enantiomer A had a retention time of 27minutes, enantiomer B had a retention time of 33 minutes.

Step 3:(R)-1-{4′-[4-(1-Cyclopropyl-ethoxycarbonylamino)-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl]-biphenyl-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid: Prepared according to the procedure described in Example 2, Step 8using enantiomer B from Example 3a, Step 2(1-{4′-[4-(1-cyclopropyl-ethoxycarbonylamino)-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl]-biphenyl-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester).

Example 3b Alternative Synthesis of(R)-1-{4′-[4-(1-Cyclopropyl-ethoxycarbonylamino)-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl]-biphenyl-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid (Compound 6)

Step 1: (R)-alpha-methylcyclopropanemethanol: Using an analogousprocedure of Meier et al (Tetrahedron, 1996, 52, 589; Method 3),cyclopropyl methyl ketone (Aldrich) was reduced to give(R)-alpha-methylcyclopropanemethanol.

Step 2: 1-(R)-[5-(4-Bromo-phenyl)-3-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl]-carbamic acid1-cyclopropyl-ethyl ester: Prepared according to the procedure describedin Example 1, Step 5 using5-(4-bromo-phenyl)-3-methyl-isoxazole-4-carboxylic acid and(R)-alpha-methylcyclopropanemethanol.

Step 3:(R)-1-{4′-[4-(1-Cyclopropyl-ethoxycarbonylamino)-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl]-biphenyl-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester: Prepared according to the procedure described inExample 1, Step 6 using1-(R)-[5-(4-bromo-phenyl)-3-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl]-carbamic acid1-cyclopropyl-ethyl ester and1-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-phenyl]-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester; the enantiomeric excess of the isolated material wasdetermined by chiral HPLC to be 92% (Chiracel OD column (97:3hexanes:EtOH, 1 ml/min, minor isomer retention time 27 min, major isomerretention time 32 minutes).

Step 4:(R)-1-{4′-[4-(1-Cyclopropyl-ethoxycarbonylamino)-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl]-biphenyl-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid: Prepared according to the procedure described in Example 2, Step 8using(R)-(1-{4′-[4-(1-cyclopropyl-ethoxycarbonylamino)-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl]-biphenyl-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester).

Example 4 Synthesis of1-(4′-{4-[(R)-1-(2-Chloro-phenyl)-ethoxycarbonylamino]-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid (Compound 8)

Step 1: [5-(4-Bromo-phenyl)-3-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl]-carbamic acid(R)-1-(2-chloro-phenyl)-ethyl ester: Prepared according to the proceduredescribed in Example 1, Step 5 using5-(4-bromo-phenyl)-3-methyl-isoxazole-4-carboxylic acid and(R)-1-(2-chloro-phenyl)-ethanol.

Step 2:1-(4′-{4-[(R)-1-(2-Chloro-phenyl)-ethoxycarbonylamino]-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid: Prepared according to the procedure described in Example 1, Step 6using [5-(4-bromo-phenyl)-3-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl]-carbamic acid(R)-1-(2-chloro-phenyl)-ethyl ester and4-(1′-carboxyl-cyclopropyl)phenylboronic acid.

Example 5 Synthesis of1-(4′-{3-Methyl-4-[(R)-1-(2-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-ethoxycarbonylamino]-isoxazol-5-yl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid (Compound 9)

Step 1: (R)-1-(2-Trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-ethanol: Prepared according tothe procedure described in Example 2, Step 5 using2′-(trifluoromethyl)acetophenone.

Step 2: [5-(4-Bromo-phenyl)-3-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl]-carbamic acid(R)-1-(2-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-ethyl ester: Prepared according to theprocedure described in Example 1, Step 5 using(R)-1-(2-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-ethanol and5-(4-bromo-phenyl)-3-methyl-isoxazole-4-carboxylic acid; the isolatedmaterial was purified by preparative HPLC, using a Chiracel OD column(98.6:1.4 hexanes:EtOH) to give the title compound.

Step 3:1-(4′-{3-Methyl-4-[(R)-1-(2-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-ethoxycarbonylamino]-isoxazol-5-yl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester: Prepared according to the procedure described inExample 1, Step 6 using[5-(4-bromo-phenyl)-3-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl]-carbamic acid(R)-1-(2-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-ethyl ester and1-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-phenyl]-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester.

Step 4:1-(4′-{3-Methyl-4-[(R)-1-(2-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-ethoxycarbonylamino]-isoxazol-5-yl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid: Prepared according to the procedure described in Example 2, Step 8using1-(4′-{3-methyl-4-[(R)-1-(2-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-ethoxycarbonylamino]-isoxazol-5-yl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester.

Example 6 Synthesis of1-{4′-[3-Methyl-4-((R)-1-phenyl-ethoxycarbonylamino)-isoxazol-5-yl]-biphenyl-4-yl}-cyclopentanecarboxylicacid (Compound 11)

Step 1: 1-(4-Bromo-phenyl)-cyclopentanecarboxylic acid ethyl ester: To asolution of ethyl 4-bromophenylacetate (2 g, 8.2 mmol) in DMF (20 mL) at0° C. was added sodium hydride (60% in mineral oil; 0.72 g, 18.1 mmol),and the mixture was stirred for 10 minutes. 1,4-Dibromobutane (1.07 mL,9.0 mmol) was added, and the reaction was stirred at room temperaturefor 30 minutes. Once no starting material was seen by analytical tlc,the mixture was worked up with EtOAc and aqueous 10% HCl, and the crudematerial was purified by silica gel chromatography to give the titlecompound.

Step 2:1-[4-(4,4,5,5-Tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-phenyl]-cyclopentanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester: Prepared according to the procedure described inExample 2, Step 4 using 1-(4-bromo-phenyl)-cyclopentanecarboxylic acidethyl ester and bis(pinacolato)diboron.

Step 3:1-{4′-[3-Methyl-4-((R)-1-phenyl-ethoxycarbonylamino)-isoxazol-5-yl]-biphenyl-4-yl}-cyclopentanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester: [5-(4-bromo-phenyl)-3-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl]-carbamicacid (R)-1-phenyl-ethyl ester (0.077 g, 0.19 mmol),1-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-phenyl]-cyclopentanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester (0.079 g, 0.23 mmol), and potassium carbonate (0.066 g,0.48 mmol) were combined in 2:1 DME:H₂O (3 mL). The solution was purgedwith N₂ for 5 minutes, and then tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0)(0.022 g, 0.02 mmol) was added. The mixture was purged with N₂ for anadditional 5 minutes, and then the reaction was stirred at 90° C. in asealed tube for 1.5 hours. Aqueous work-up, followed by silica gelchromatography, provided the title compound.

Step 4:1-{4′-[3-Methyl-4-((R)-1-phenyl-ethoxycarbonylamino)-isoxazol-5-yl]-biphenyl-4-yl}-cyclopentanecarboxylicacid:1-{4′-[3-methyl-4-((R)-1-phenyl-ethoxycarbonylamino)-isoxazol-5-yl]-biphenyl-4-yl}-cyclopentanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester (0.060 g, 0.11 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (2 mL) was treatedwith 1N aqueous LiOH (1 mL), and the reaction was stirred at 60° C.overnight. Acidic work-up, followed by silica gel chromatography (0-50%EtOAc in hexanes) gave the title compound.

Example 7 Synthesis of1-{4′-[3-Methyl-4-((R)-1-phenyl-ethoxycarbonylamino)-isoxazol-5-yl]-biphenyl-4-yl}-cyclobutanecarboxylicacid (Compound 10)

Step 1: 1-(4-Bromo-phenyl)-cyclobutanecarboxylic acid ethyl ester:Prepared according to the procedure described in Example 6, Step 1 usingethyl 4-bromophenylacetate and 1,3-dibromopropane.

Step 2:1-[4-(4,4,5,5-Tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-phenyl]-cyclobutanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester: Prepared according to the procedure described inExample 2, Step 4 using 1-(4-bromo-phenyl)-cyclobutanecarboxylic acidethyl ester and bis(pinacolato)diboron.

Step 3:1-{4′-[3-Methyl-4-((R)-1-phenyl-ethoxycarbonylamino)-isoxazol-5-yl]-biphenyl-4-yl}-cyclobutanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester: Prepared according to the procedure described inExample 6, Step 3 using[5-(4-bromo-phenyl)-3-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl]-carbamic acid(R)-1-phenyl-ethyl ester and1-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-phenyl]-cyclobutanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester.

Step 4:1-{4′-[3-Methyl-4-((R)-1-phenyl-ethoxycarbonylamino)-isoxazol-5-yl]-biphenyl-4-yl}-cyclobutanecarboxylicacid: Prepared according to the procedure described in Example 6, Step 4using1-{4′-[3-methyl-4-((R)-1-phenyl-ethoxycarbonylamino)-isoxazol-5-yl]-biphenyl-4-yl}-cyclobutanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester.

Example 8 Synthesis of1-{4′-[4-(1-Cyclohexyl-ethoxycarbonylamino)-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl]-biphenyl-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid (Compound 2)

Step 1: [5-(4-Bromo-phenyl)-3-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl]-carbamic acid1-cyclohexyl-ethyl ester: Prepared according to the procedure describedin Example 1, Step 5 using5-(4-bromo-phenyl)-3-methyl-isoxazole-4-carboxylic acid and1-cyclohexylethanol.

Step 2:1-{4′-[4-(1-Cyclohexyl-ethoxycarbonylamino)-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl]-biphenyl-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester: Prepared according to the procedure described inExample 1, Step 6 using[5-(4-bromo-phenyl)-3-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl]-carbamic acid1-cyclohexyl-ethyl ester and1-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-phenyl]-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester.

Step 3:1-{4′-[4-(1-Cyclohexyl-ethoxycarbonylamino)-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl]-biphenyl-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid: Prepared according to the procedure described in Example 2, Step 8using1-{4′-[4-(1-cyclohexyl-ethoxycarbonylamino)-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl]-biphenyl-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester.

Example 9 Synthesis of1-[4′-(4-Benzyloxycarbonylamino-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl)-biphenyl-4-yl]-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid (Compound 4)

Step 1: [5-(4-Bromo-phenyl)-3-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl]-carbamic acid benzylester: Prepared according to the procedure described in Example 1, Step5 using 5-(4-bromo-phenyl)-3-methyl-isoxazole-4-carboxylic acid andbenzyl alcohol.

Step 2:1-[4′-(4-Benzyloxycarbonylamino-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl)-biphenyl-4-yl]-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester: Prepared according to the procedure described inExample 1, Step 6 using[5-(4-bromo-phenyl)-3-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl]-carbamic acid benzyl esterand1-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-phenyl]-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester.

Step 3:1-[4′-(4-Benzyloxycarbonylamino-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl)-biphenyl-4-yl]-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid: Prepared according to the procedure described in Example 2, Step 8using1-[4′-(4-benzyloxycarbonylamino-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl)-biphenyl-4-yl]-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester.

Example 10 Synthesis of(S)-1-{4′-[4-(1-Cyclopropyl-ethoxycarbonylamino)-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl]-biphenyl-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid (Compound 5)

Prepared according to the procedure described in Example 2, Step 8 usingenantiomer A from Example 3a, Step 2(1-{4′-[4-(1-cyclopropyl-ethoxycarbonylamino)-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl]-biphenyl-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester).

Example 11 Synthesis of1-[4′-(4-Cyclopropylmethoxycarbonylamino-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl)-biphenyl-4-yl]-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid (Compound 7)

Step 1: [5-(4-Bromo-phenyl)-3-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl]-carbamic acidcyclopropylmethyl ester: Prepared according to the procedure describedin Example 1, Step 5 using5-(4-bromo-phenyl)-3-methyl-isoxazole-4-carboxylic acid and cyclopropylcarbinol.

Step 2:1-[4′-(4-Cyclopropylmethoxycarbonylamino-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl)-biphenyl-4-yl]-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester: Prepared according to the procedure described inExample 1, Step 6 using[5-(4-bromo-phenyl)-3-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl]-carbamic acidcyclopropylmethyl ester and1-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-phenyl]-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester.

Step 3:1-[4′-(4-Cyclopropylmethoxycarbonylamino-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl)-biphenyl-4-yl]-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid: Prepared according to the procedure described in Example 2, Step 8using1-[4′-(4-cyclopropylmethoxycarbonylamino-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl)-biphenyl-4-yl]-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester.

Example 12 Synthesis of1-(4′-{4-[1-(2-Methoxy-phenyl)-ethoxycarbonylamino]-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid (Compound 12)

Step 1: [5-(4-Bromo-phenyl)-3-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl]carbamic acid1-(2-methoxy-phenyl)-ethyl ester: Prepared according to the proceduredescribed in Example 1, Step 5 using5-(4-bromo-phenyl)-3-methyl-isoxazole-4-carboxylic acid and1-(2-methoxyphenyl)ethanol.

Step 2:1-(4′-{4-[1-(2-Methoxy-phenyl)-ethoxycarbonylamino]-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester: Prepared according to the procedure described inExample 6, Step 3 using[5-(4-bromo-phenyl)-3-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl]-carbamic acid1-(2-methoxy-phenyl)-ethyl ester and1-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-phenyl]-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester.

Step 3:1-(4′-{4-[1-(2-Methoxy-phenyl)-ethoxycarbonylamino]-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid: Prepared according to the procedure described in Example 6, Step 4using1-(4′-{4-[1-(2-methoxy-phenyl)-ethoxycarbonylamino]-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester

Example 13 Synthesis of1-(4′-{3-Methyl-4-[1-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-ethoxycarbonylamino]-isoxazol-5-yl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid (Compound 13)

Step 1: [5-(4-Bromo-phenyl)-3-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl]-carbamic acid1-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-ethyl ester: Prepared according to theprocedure described in Example 1, Step 5 using5-(4-bromo-phenyl)-3-methyl-isoxazole-4-carboxylic acid and1-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethanol.

Step 2:1-(4′-{3-Methyl-4-[1-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-ethoxycarbonylamino]-isoxazol-5-yl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester: Prepared according to the procedure described inExample 6, Step 3 using[5-(4-bromo-phenyl)-3-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl]-carbamic acid1-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-ethyl ester and1-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-phenyl]-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester; the isolated material was then purified by preparativeHPLC, using a chiral column (95:5 hexanes:EtOAc) to provide enantiomer Aand enantiomer B. Enantiomer A had a retention time of 30 minutes,enantiomer B had a retention time of 50 minutes.

Step 3:1-(4′-{3-Methyl-4-[1-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-ethoxycarbonylamino]-isoxazol-5-yl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid: Prepared according to the procedure described in Example 6, Step 4using enantiomer A from Example 13, Step 2(1-(4′-{3-methyl-4-[1-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-ethoxycarbonylamino]-isoxazol-5-yl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester).

Example 14 Synthesis of1-(4′-{3-Methyl-4-[1-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-ethoxycarbonylamino]-isoxazol-5-yl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid (Compound 14)

Prepared according to the procedure described in Example 6, Step 4 usingenantiomer B from Example 13, Step 2(1-(4′-{3-Methyl-4-[1-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-ethoxycarbonylamino]-isoxazol-5-yl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester).

Example 15 Synthesis of1-(4′-{4-[1-(3-Cyano-phenyl)-ethoxycarbonylamino]-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid (Compound 15)

Step 1: 3-(1-Hydroxy-ethyl)-benzonitrile: To a solution of3-acetylbenzonitrile (1 equivalent) in methanol at room temperature wasadded sodium borohydride (approx. 1.67 equivalents), and the reactionwas stirred for approximately 20 minutes. Aqueous work-up provided thetitle compound.

Step 2: [5-(4-Bromo-phenyl)-3-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl]-carbamic acid1-(3-cyano-phenyl)-ethyl ester: Prepared according to the proceduredescribed in Example 1, Step 5 using5-(4-bromo-phenyl)-3-methyl-isoxazole-4-carboxylic acid and3-(1-hydroxy-ethyl)-benzonitrile.

Step 3:1-(4′-{4-[1-(3-Cyano-phenyl)-ethoxycarbonylamino]-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester: Prepared according to the procedure described inExample 6, Step 3 using[5-(4-bromo-phenyl)-3-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl]-carbamic acid1-(3-cyano-phenyl)-ethyl ester and1-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-phenyl]-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester.

Step 4:1-(4′-{4-[1-(3-Cyano-phenyl)-ethoxycarbonylamino]-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid: Prepared according to the procedure described in Example 6, Step 4using1-(4′-{4-[1-(3-cyano-phenyl)-ethoxycarbonylamino]-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester.

Example 16 Synthesis of1-{(4′-[3-Methyl-4-((R)-1-p-tolyl-ethoxycarbonylamino)-isoxazol-5-yl]-biphenyl-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid (Compound 16)

Step 1: (R)-1-p-Tolyl-ethanol: Prepared according to the proceduredescribed in Example 2, Step 5 using 4′-methylacetophenone.

Step 2: [5-(4-Bromo-phenyl)-3-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl]-carbamic acid(R)-1-p-tolyl-ethyl ester: Prepared according to the procedure describedin Example 1, Step 5 using5-(4-bromo-phenyl)-3-methyl-isoxazole-4-carboxylic acid and(R)-1-p-tolyl-ethanol.

Step 3:1-{4′-[3-Methyl-4-((R)-1-p-tolyl-ethoxycarbonylamino)-isoxazol-5-yl]-biphenyl-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester: Prepared according to the procedure described inExample 6, Step 3 using[5-(4-bromo-phenyl)-3-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl]-carbamic acid(R)-1-p-tolyl-ethyl ester and1-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-phenyl]-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester.

Step 4:1-{4′-[3-Methyl-4-((R)-1-p-tolyl-ethoxycarbonylamino)-isoxazol-5-yl]i-biphenyl-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid: Prepared according to the procedure described in Example 6, Step 4using1-{4′-[3-methyl-4-((R)-1-p-tolyl-ethoxycarbonylamino)-isoxazol-5-yl]-biphenyl-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester.

Example 17 Synthesis of1-{4′-[3-Methyl-4-((R)-1-m-tolyl-ethoxycarbonylamino)-isoxazol-5-yl]-biphenyl-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid (Compound 17)

Step 1: (R)-1-m-Tolyl-ethanol: Prepared according to the proceduredescribed in Example 2, Step 5 using 3′-methylacetophenone.

Step 2: [5-(4-Bromo-phenyl)-3-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl]-carbamic acid(R)-1-m-tolyl-ethyl ester: Prepared according to the procedure describedin Example 1, Step 5 using5-(4-bromo-phenyl)-3-methyl-isoxazole-4-carboxylic acid and(R)-1-m-tolylethanol.

Step 3:1-{4′-[3-Methyl-4-((R)-1-m-tolyl-ethoxycarbonylamino)-isoxazol-5-yl]-biphenyl-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester: Prepared according to the procedure described inExample 6, Step 3 using[5-(4-bromo-phenyl)-3-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl]-carbamic acid(R)-1-m-tolyl-ethyl ester and1-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-phenyl]-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester.

Step 4:1-{4′-[3-Methyl-4-((R)-1-m-tolyl-ethoxycarbonylamino)-isoxazol-5-yl]-biphenyl-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid: Prepared according to the procedure described in Example 6, Step 4using1-{4′-[3-methyl-4-((R)-1-m-tolyl-ethoxycarbonylamino)-isoxazol-5-yl]-biphenyl-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester.

Example 18 Synthesis of1-(4′-{4-[(R)-1-(4-Cyano-phenyl)-ethoxycarbonylamino]-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid (Compound 18)

Step 1: 4-((R)-1-Hydroxy-ethyl)-benzonitrile: Prepared according to theprocedure described in Example 2, Step 5 using 4-acetylbenzonitrile.

Step 2: [5-(4-Bromo-phenyl)-3-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl]-carbamic acid(R)-1-(4-cyano-phenyl)-ethyl ester: Prepared according to the proceduredescribed in Example 1, Step 5 using5-(4-bromo-phenyl)-3-methyl-isoxazole-4-carboxylic acid and4-((R)-1-hydroxy-ethyl)-benzonitrile.

Step 3:1-(4′-{4-[(R)-1-(4-Cyano-phenyl)-ethoxycarbonylamino]-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester: Prepared according to the procedure described inExample 6, Step 3 using[5-(4-bromo-phenyl)-3-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl]-carbamic acid(R)-1-(4-cyano-phenyl)-ethyl ester and1-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-phenyl]-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester.

Step 4:1-(4′-{4-[(R)-1-(4-Cyano-phenyl)-ethoxycarbonylamino]-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid: Prepared according to the procedure described in Example 6, Step 4using1-(4′-{4-[(R)-1-(4-cyano-phenyl)-ethoxycarbonylamino]-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester.

Example 19 Synthesis of1-(4′-{4-[(R)-1-(2-Cyano-phenyl)-ethoxycarbonylamino]-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid (Compound 19)

Step 1: 2-((R)-1-Hydroxy-ethyl)-benzonitrile: Prepared according to theprocedure described in Example 2, Step 5 using2-acetylbenzenecarbonitrile.

Step 2: [5-(4-Bromo-phenyl)-3-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl]-carbamic acid(R)-1-(2-cyano-phenyl)-ethyl ester: Prepared according to the proceduredescribed in Example 1, Step 5 using5-(4-bromo-phenyl)-3-methyl-isoxazole-4-carboxylic acid and2-((R)-1-hydroxy-ethyl)-benzonitrile.

Step 3:1-(4′-{4-[(R)-1-(2-Cyano-phenyl)-ethoxycarbonylamino]-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester: Prepared according to the procedure described inExample 6, Step 3 using[5-(4-bromo-phenyl)-3-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl]-carbamic acid(R)-1-(2-cyano-phenyl)-ethyl ester and1-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-phenyl]-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester.

Step 4:1-(4′-{4-[(R)-1-(2-Cyano-phenyl)-ethoxycarbonylamino]-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid: Prepared according to the procedure described in Example 6, Step 4using1-(4′-{4-[(R)-1-(2-cyano-phenyl)-ethoxycarbonylamino]-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester.

Example 20 Synthesis of1-{4′-[4-((R)-1-Cyclobutyl-ethoxycarbonylamino)-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl]-biphenyl-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid (Compound 20)

Step 1: (R)-1-Cyclobutyl-ethanol: Prepared according to the proceduredescribed in Example 2, Step 5 using cyclobutyl methyl ketone.

Step 2: [5-(4-Bromo-phenyl)-3-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl]-carbamic acid(R)-1-cyclobutyl-ethyl ester: Prepared according to the proceduredescribed in Example 1, Step 5 using5-(4-bromo-phenyl)-3-methyl-isoxazole-4-carboxylic acid and(R)-1-cyclobutyl-ethanol.

Step 3:1-{4′-[4-((R)-1-Cyclobutyl-ethoxycarbonylamino)-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl]-biphenyl-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester: Prepared according to the procedure described inExample 1, Step 6 using[5-(4-bromo-phenyl)-3-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl]-carbamic acid(R)-1-cyclobutyl-ethyl ester and1-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-phenyl]-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester.

Step 4:1-{4′-[4-((R)-1-Cyclobutyl-ethoxycarbonylamino)-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl]-biphenyl-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid: Prepared according to the procedure described in Example 2, Step 8using1-{4′-[4-((R)-1-cyclobutyl-ethoxycarbonylamino)-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl]-biphenyl-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester.

Example 21 Synthesis of1-(4′-{4-[1-(2-Chloro-cyclohex-1-enyl)-ethoxycarbonylamino]-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid (Compound 21)

Step 1: 2-Chloro-cyclohex-1-enecarbaldehyde: To a solution ofcyclohexanone (1.34 g, 13.6 mmol) in toluene at room temperature wasadded DMF (1.58 mL, 20.5 mmol) and phosphorus oxychloride (1.88 mL, 20.5mmol). The reaction was stirred overnight at room temperature, and thendiluted with H₂O and stirred for 30 minutes. 4N Aqueous NaOH (10 mL) wasadded, and the mixture was extracted with EtOAc. The combined organiclayers were washed with saturated aqueous NH₄Cl, dried over MgSO₄,filtered, and concentrated to give the title compound.

Step 2: 1-(2-Chloro-cyclohex-1-enyl)-ethanol: To a solution of2-chloro-cyclohex-1-enecarbaldehyde (13.6 mmol) in THF at 0° C. wasadded methyl magnesium bromide (3M in THF; 5.4 mL, 16.32 mmol). Thereaction was stirred under N₂ for 1 hour, and then iPrOH (2 mL) wasadded. The mixture was concentrated, and the residue was diluted with 1Naqueous HCl and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers werewashed with saturated aqueous NH₄Cl, dried over MgSO₄, filtered, andconcentrated, and the crude material was purified by silica gelchromatography to give the title compound.

Step 3:5-[4′-(1-Ethoxycarbonyl-cyclopropyl)-biphenyl-4-yl]-3-methyl-isoxazole-4-carboxylicacid: Prepared according to the procedure described in Example 1, Step 6using 5-(4-bromo-phenyl)-3-methyl-isoxazole-4-carboxylic acid and1-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-phenyl]-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester.

Step 4:1-(4′-{4-[1-(2-Chloro-cyclohex-1-enyl)-ethoxycarbonylamino]-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester: Prepared according to the procedure described inExample 1, Step 5 using 5-[4′-(1-ethoxycarbonyl-cyclopropyl)-biphenyl-4:yl]-3-methyl-isoxazole-4-carboxylic acid and1-(2-chloro-cyclohex-1-enyl)-ethanol.

Step 5:1-(4′-{4-[1-(2-Chloro-cyclohex-1-enyl)-ethoxycarbonylamino]-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid: Prepared according to the procedure described in Example 2, Step 8using1-(4′-{4-[1-(2-chloro-cyclohex-1-enyl)-ethoxycarbonylamino]-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester.

Example 22 Synthesis of1-(4′-{3-Methyl-4-[(R)-1-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-ethoxycarbonylamino]-isoxazol-5-yl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid (Compound 22)

Step 1: (R)-1-(3-Trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-ethanol: Prepared according tothe procedure described in Example 2, Step 5 using3′-(trifluoromethyl)acetophenone.

Step 2: [5-(4-Bromo-phenyl)-3-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl]-carbamic acid(R)-1-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-ethyl ester: Prepared according to theprocedure described in Example 1, Step 5 using5-(4-bromo-phenyl)-3-methyl-isoxazole-4-carboxylic acid and(R)-1-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-ethanol.

Step 3:1-(4′-{3-Methyl-4-[(R)-1-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-ethoxycarbonylamino]-isoxazol-5-yl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester: Prepared according to the procedure described inExample 6, Step 3 using[5-(4-bromo-phenyl)-3-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl]-carbamic acid(R)-1-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-ethyl ester and1-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-phenyl]-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester.

Step 4:1-(4′-{3-Methyl-4-[(R)-1-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-ethoxycarbonylamino]-isoxazol-5-yl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid: Prepared according to the procedure described in Example 6, Step 4using1-(4′-{3-methyl-4-[(R)-1-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-ethoxycarbonylamino]-isoxazol-5-yl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester.

Example 23 Synthesis of1-(4′-{4-[(R)-1-(3-Methoxy-phenyl)-ethoxycarbonylamino]-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid (Compound 23)

Step 1: (R)-1-(3-Methoxy-phenyl)-ethanol: Prepared according to theprocedure described in Example 2, Step 5 using 3′-methoxyacetophenone.

Step 2: [5-(4-Bromo-phenyl)-3-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl]-carbamic acid(R)-1-(3-methoxy-phenyl)-ethyl ester: Prepared according to theprocedure described in Example 1, Step 5 using5-(4-bromo-phenyl)-3-methyl-isoxazole-4-carboxylic acid and(R)-1-(3-methoxy-phenyl)-ethanol.

Step 3:1-(4′-{4-[(R)-1-(3-Methoxy-phenyl)-ethoxycarbonylamino]-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester: Prepared according to the procedure described inExample 6, Step 3 using[5-(4-bromo-phenyl)-3-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl]-carbamic acid(R)-1-(3-methoxy-phenyl)-ethyl ester and1-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-phenyl]-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester.

Step 4:1-(4′-{4-[(R)-1-(3-Methoxy-phenyl)-ethoxycarbonylamino]-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid: Prepared according to the procedure described in Example 6, Step 4using1-(4′-{4-[(R)-1-(3-methoxy-phenyl)-ethoxycarbonylamino]-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester.

Example 24 Synthesis of1-(4′-{4-[(R)-1-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-ethoxycarbonylamino]-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid (Compound 24)

Step 1: (R)-1-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-ethanol: Prepared according to theprocedure described in Example 2, Step 5 using 4′-methoxyacetophenone.

Step 2: [5-(4-Bromo-phenyl)-3-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl]-carbamic acid(R)-1-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-ethyl ester: Prepared according to theprocedure described in Example 1, Step 5 using5-(4-bromo-phenyl)-3-methyl-isoxazole-4-carboxylic acid and(R)-1-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-ethanol.

Step 3:1-(4′-{4-[(R)-1-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-ethoxycarbonylamino]-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester: Prepared according to the procedure described inExample 6, Step 3 using[5-(4-bromo-phenyl)-3-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl]-carbamic acid(R)-1-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-ethyl ester and1-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-phenyl]-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester.

Step 4:1-(4′-{4-[(R)-1-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-ethoxycarbonylamino]-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid: Prepared according to the procedure described in Example 6, Step 4using1-(4′-{4-[(R)-1-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-ethoxycarbonylamino]-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester.

Example 25 Synthesis of1-(4′-{4-[1′-(3-Bromo-phenyl)-ethoxycarbonylamino]-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid (Compound 25)

Step 1:1-(4′-{4-[1-(3-Bromo-phenyl)-ethoxycarbonylamino]-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester: Prepared according to the procedure described inExample 1, Step 5 using5-[4′-(1-ethoxycarbonyl-cyclopropyl)-biphenyl-4-yl]-3-methyl-isoxazole-4-carboxylicacid and 3-bromo-alpha-methylbenzyl alcohol.

Step 2:1-(4′-{4-[1-(3-Bromo-phenyl)-ethoxycarbonylamino]-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid: Prepared according to the procedure described in Example 2, Step 8using1-(4′-{4-[1-(3-bromo-phenyl)-ethoxycarbonylamino]-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester.

Example 26 Synthesis of1-(4′-{4-[1-(3-Chloro-phenyl)-ethoxycarbonylamino]-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid (Compound 26)

Step 1:1-(4′-{4-[1-(3-Chloro-phenyl)-ethoxycarbonylamino]-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester: Prepared according to the procedure described inExample 1, Step 5 using5-[4′-(1-ethoxycarbonyl-cyclopropyl)-biphenyl-4-yl]-3-methyl-isoxazole-4-carboxylicacid and 1-(3-chlorophenyl)ethanol.

Step 2:1-(4′-{4-[1-(3-Chloro-phenyl)-ethoxycarbonylamino]-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid: Prepared according to the procedure described in Example 2, Step 8using1-(4′-{-4-[1-(3-chloro-phenyl)-ethoxycarbonylamino]-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester.

Example 27 Synthesis of1-{4′-[3-Methyl-4-((S)-1-phenyl-ethoxycarbonylamino)-isoxazol-5-yl]-biphenyl-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid (Compound 27)

Step 1: (S)-[5-(4-Bromo-phenyl)-3-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl]-carbamic acid1-phenyl-ethyl ester: Prepared according to the procedure described inExample 1, Step 5 using5-(4-bromo-phenyl)-3-methyl-isoxazole-4-carboxylic acid and(S)-1-phenylethanol (commercially available or prepared using proceduresdescribed herein or in the literature: e.g. E. J. Corey et al. J. Am.Chem. 1987, 109, 5551-5553).

Step 2:1-{4′-[3-Methyl-4-((S)-1-phenyl-ethoxycarbonylamino)-isoxazol-5-yl]-biphenyl-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester: Prepared according to the procedure described inExample 1, Step 6 using(S)-[5-(4-bromo-phenyl)-3-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl]-carbamic acid1-phenyl-ethyl ester and1-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-phenyl]-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester.

Step 3:1-{4′-[3-Methyl-4-((S)-1-phenyl-ethoxycarbonylamino)-isoxazol-5-yl]-biphenyl-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid: Prepared according to the procedure described in Example 2, Step 8using1-{4′-[3-methyl-4-((S)-1-phenyl-ethoxycarbonylamino)-isoxazol-5-yl]-biphenyl-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester.

Example 28 Synthesis of1-(4′-{4-[1-(3-Hydroxy-phenyl)-ethoxycarbonylamino]-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid (Compound 28)

Step 1: 1-[3-(tert-Butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxy)-phenyl]ethanone: To asolution of 3′-hydroxyacetophenone (0.500 g, 3.67 mmol) and imidazole(0.500 g, 7.34 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) was added tert-butyldimethylsilylchloride (0.609 g, 4.04 mmol), and the reaction was stirred for 1 hourat room temperature. The mixture was partitioned between CH₂Cl₂ and H₂O,and the aqueous layer was separated and extracted with CH₂Cl₂. Thecombined organic layers were dried over MgSO₄, filtered, andconcentrated to give the title compound.

Step 2: 1-[3-(tert-Butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxy)-phenyl]-ethanol:1-[3-(tert-Butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxy)-phenyl]-ethanone (3.67 mmol) inMeOH (5 mL) was treated with sodium borohydride (0.139 g, 3.67 mmol).The reaction was stirred for 20 minutes, and then standard work-upprovided the title compound.

Step 3: [5-(4-Bromo-phenyl)-3-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl]carbamic acid1-[3-(tert-butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxy)-phenyl]-ethyl ester: Preparedaccording to the procedure described in Example 1, Step 5 using5-(4-bromo-phenyl)-3-methyl-isoxazole-4-carboxylic acid and1-[3-(tert-butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxy)-phenyl]-ethanol.

Step 4:1-[4′-(4-{1-[3-(tert-Butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxy)-phenyl]-ethoxycarbonylamino}-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl)-biphenyl-4-yl]-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester: Prepared according to the procedure described inExample 1, Step 6 using[5-(4-bromo-phenyl)-3-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl]-carbamic acid1-[3-(tert-butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxy)-phenyl]-ethyl ester and1-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-phenyl]-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester.

Step 5:1-(4′-{4′-[(3-Hydroxy-phenyl)-ethoxycarbonylamino]-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid:1-[4′-(4-{1-[3-(tert-Butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxy)-phenyl]-ethoxycarbonylamino}-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl)-biphenyl-4-yl]-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester (0.400 g, 0.63 mmol) in 3:1 MeOH:H₂O (10 mL) wastreated with excess lithium hydroxide. The reaction was stirredovernight at 60° C., and then acidified and extracted with EtOAc. Thecombined organic layers were dried over MgSO₄, filtered, andconcentrated, and the residue was purified by preparative HPLC to givethe title compound.

Example 29 Synthesis of1-{4′-[3-Ethyl-4-((R)-1-phenyl-ethoxycarbonylamino)-isoxazol-5-yl]-biphenyl-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid (Compound 29)

Step 1: 2-(4-Bromo-benzoyl)-3-oxo-pentanoic acid methyl ester: Preparedaccording to the procedure described in Example 1, Step 2 using4-bromobenzoyl chloride and methyl 3-oxovalerate; sodium tert-butoxidewas used in place of pyridine.

Step 2: 5-(4-Bromo-phenyl)-3-ethyl-isoxazole-4-carboxylic acid methylester: Prepared according to the procedure described in Example 1, Step3 using 2-(4-bromo-benzoyl)-3-oxo-pentanoic acid methyl ester andhydroxylamine hydrochloride.

Step 3: 5-(4-Bromo-phenyl)-3-ethyl-isoxazole-4-carboxylic acid: Preparedaccording to the procedure described in Example 1, Step 4 using5-(4-bromo-phenyl)-3-ethyl-isoxazole-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester.

Step 4: [5-(4-Bromo-phenyl)-3-ethyl-isoxazol-4-yl]-carbamic acid(R)-1-phenyl-ethyl ester: Prepared according to the procedure describedin Example 1, Step 5 using the following starting materials:5-(4-bromo-phenyl)-3-ethyl-isoxazole-4-carboxylic acid and(R)-1-phenyl-ethanol.

Step 5:1-{4′-[3-Ethyl-4-((R)-1-phenyl-ethoxycarbonylamino)-isoxazol-5-yl]-biphenyl-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester: Prepared according to the procedure described inExample 1, Step 6 using[5-(4-bromo-phenyl)-3-ethyl-isoxazol-4-yl]-carbamic acid(R)-1-phenyl-ethyl ester and1-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-phenyl]-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester.

Step 6:1-{4′-[3-Ethyl-4-((R)-1-phenyl-ethoxycarbonylamino)-isoxazol-5-yl]-biphenyl-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid: Prepared according to the procedure described in Example 2, Step 8using1-{4′-[3-ethyl-4-((R)-1-phenyl-ethoxycarbonylamino)-isoxazol-5-yl]-biphenyl-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester.

Example 30 Synthesis of1-(4′-{3-Ethyl-4-[(R)-1-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-ethoxycarbonylamino]-isoxazol-5-yl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid (Compound 30)

Step 1: [5-(4-Bromo-phenyl)-3-ethyl-isoxazol-4-yl]-carbamic acid(R)-1-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-ethyl ester: Prepared according to theprocedure described in Example 1, Step 5 using5-(4-bromo-phenyl)-3-ethyl-isoxazole-4-carboxylic acid and(R)-1-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-ethanol.

Step 2:1-(4′-{3-Ethyl-4-[(R)-1-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-ethoxycarbonylamino]-isoxazol-5-yl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester: Prepared according to the procedure described inExample 1, Step 6 using[5-(4-bromo-phenyl)-3-ethyl-isoxazol-4-yl]-carbamic acid(R)-1-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-ethyl ester and1-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-phenyl]-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester.

Step 3:1-(4′-{3-Ethyl-4-[(R)-1-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-ethoxycarbonylamino]-isoxazol-5-yl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid: Prepared according to the procedure described in Example 2, Step 8using1-(4′-{3-ethyl-4-[(R)-1-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-ethoxycarbonylamino]-isoxazol-5-yl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester.

Example 31 Synthesis of1-{4′-[3-Methyl-4-((1-phenyl-ethoxy-d9)-carbonylamino)-isoxazol-5-yl]-biphenyl-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid

Step 1:1-{4′-[3-Methyl-4-((1-phenyl-ethoxy-d9)-carbonylamino)-isoxazol-5-yl]-biphenyl-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester: Prepared according to the procedure described inExample 1, Step 5 using5-[4′-(1-ethoxycarbonyl-cyclopropyl)-biphenyl-4-yl]-3-methyl-isoxazole-4-carboxylicacid and 1-phenylethanol-d9 (deuterated 1-phenylethanol obtained fromCarbocore).

Step 2: Prepared according to the procedure described in Example 2, Step8 using1-{4′-[3-methyl-4-((1-phenyl-ethoxy-d9)-carbonylamino)-isoxazol-5-yl]-biphenyl-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester.

Example 32 Synthesis of1-(3′-Methoxy-4′-{3-methyl-4-[(R)-1-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-ethoxycarbonylamino]-isoxazol-5-yl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid (Compound 31)

Step 1: 4-Bromo-2-methoxy-benzoyl chloride: To a suspension of4-bromo-2-methoxybenzoic acid (2.5 g, 11.04 mmol) in CHCl₃ (20 mL) wasadded DMF (catalytic) and thionyl chloride (1.6 mL, 22.08 mmol). Thereaction was stirred at 55° C. for 1 hour and then concentrated todryness to give the title compound.

Step 2: 2-(4-Bromo-2-methoxy-benzoyl)-3-oxo-butyric acid methyl ester:Prepared according to the procedure described in Example 1, Step 2 using4-bromo-2-methoxy-benzoyl chloride and 3-methylamino-but-2-enoic acidmethyl ester.

Step 3: 5-(4-Bromo-2-methoxy-phenyl)-3-methyl-isoxazole-4-carboxylicacid methyl ester: Prepared according to the procedure described inExample 1, Step 3 using 2-(4-bromo-2-methoxy-benzoyl)-3-oxo-butyric acidmethyl ester and hydroxylamine hydrochloride.

Step 4: 5-(4-Bromo-2-methoxy-phenyl)-3-methyl-isoxazole-4-carboxylicacid: Prepared according to the procedure described in Example 1, Step 4using 5-(4-bromo-2-methoxy-phenyl)-3-methyl-isoxazole-4-carboxylic acidmethyl ester.

Step 5: [5-(4-Bromo-2-methoxy-phenyl)-3-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl]-carbamicacid (R)-1-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-ethyl ester: Prepared according tothe procedure described in Example 1, Step 5 using5-(4-bromo-2-methoxy-phenyl)-3-methyl-isoxazole-4-carboxylic acid and(R)-1-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-ethanol.

Step 6:1-(3′-Methoxy-4′-{3-methyl-4-[(R)-1-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-ethoxycarbonylamino]-isoxazol-5-yl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester: Prepared according to the procedure described inExample 1, Step 6 using[5-(4-bromo-2-methoxy-phenyl)-3-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl]-carbamic acid(R)-1-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-ethyl ester and1-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-phenyl]-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester.

Step 7:1-(3′-Methoxy-4′-{3-methyl-4-[(R)-1-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-ethoxycarbonylamino]-isoxazol-5-yl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid: Prepared according to the procedure described in Example 2, Step 8using1-(3′-methoxy-4′-{3-methyl-4-[(R)-1-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-ethoxycarbonylamino]-isoxazol-5-yl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester.

Example 33 Synthesis of1-(4′-{4-[(R)-1-(3,5-Dibromo-phenyl)-ethoxycarbonylamino]-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid (Compound 32)

Step 1: 1-(3,5-Dibromo-phenyl)-ethanone: To a solution of3,5-dibromobenzoic acid (2.5 g, 8.9 mmol) in Et₂O (30 mL) at 0° C. wasadded methyllithium (1.6M in Et₂O; 12.3 mL, 19.6 mmol) dropwise. Thereaction was stirred at 0° C. for 2 hours, and then worked-up with EtOAcand 10% aqueous HCl. The crude material was purified by silica gelchromatography to give the title compound.

Step 2: (R)-1-(3,5-Dibromo-phenyl)-ethanol: Prepared according to theprocedure described in Example 2, Step 5 using1-(3,5-dibromo-phenyl)-ethanone.

Step 3:1-(4′-{4-[(R)-1-(3,5-Dibromo-phenyl)-ethoxycarbonylamino]-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester: Prepared according to the procedure described inExample 1, Step 5 using5-[4′-(1-ethoxycarbonyl-cyclopropyl)-biphenyl-4-yl]-3-methyl-isoxazole-4-carboxylicacid and (R)-1-(3,5-cibromo-phenyl)-ethanol.

Step 4:1-(4′-{4-[(R)-1-(3,5-Dibromo-phenyl)-ethoxycarbonylamino]-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid: Prepared according to the procedure described in Example 2, Step 8using1-(4′-{4-[(R)-1-(3,5-dibromo-phenyl)-ethoxycarbonylamino]-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid ethyl ester.

Example 34 Synthesis of{5-[4′-(1-Methanesulfonylaminocarbonyl-cyclopropyl)-biphenyl-4-yl]-3-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl}-carbamicacid (R)-1-phenyl-ethyl ester (Compound 35)

1-{4′-[3-Methyl-4-((R)-1-phenyl-ethoxycarbonylamino)-isoxazol-5-yl]-biphenyl-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid (0.1 g, 0.2 mmol), methanesulfonamide (0.08 g, 0.8 mmol), andN,N′-carbonyldiimidazole (0.15 g, 0.6 mmol) were combined in THF (4 mL).Diisopropylethylamine (0.5 mL) was added, and the reaction was stirredat 65° C. overnight. The mixture was acidified and extracted withCH₂Cl₂. The crude material was purified by silica gel chromatography(0-50% EtOAc in hexanes) to give the title compound.

Example 35 Synthesis of{5-[4′-(1-Benzenesulfonylaminocarbonyl-cyclopropyl)-biphenyl-4-yl]-3-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl}-carbamicacid (R)-1-phenyl-ethyl ester (Compound 36)

Prepared according to the procedure described in Example 34, Step 1using1-{4′-[3-methyl-4-((R)-1-phenyl-ethoxycarbonylamino)-isoxazol-5-yl]-biphenyl-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid and benzenesulfonamide.

Example 36 Synthesis of{5-[4′-(1-Cyano-cyclopropyl)-biphenyl-4-yl]-3-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl}-carbamicacid (R)-1-phenyl-ethyl ester (Compound 37)

Step 1:1-[4-(4,4,5,5-Tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-phenyl]-cyclopropanecarbonitrile:Prepared according to the procedure described in Example 2, Step 4 using1-(4-bromo-phenyl)-cyclopropanecarbonitrile and bis(pinacolato)diboron.

Step 2:{5-[4′-(1-Cyano-cyclopropyl)-biphenyl-4-yl]-3-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl}-carbamicacid (R)-1-phenyl-ethyl ester: Prepared according to the proceduredescribed in Example 1, Step 6 using[5-(4-bromo-phenyl)-3-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl]-carbamic acid(R)-1-phenyl-ethyl ester and1-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-phenyl]-cyclopropanecarbonitrile.

Example 37 Synthesis of(3-Methyl-5-{4′-[1-(5-oxo-2,5-dihydro-[1,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl)-cyclopropyl]-biphenyl-4-yl}-isoxazol-4-yl)-carbamicacid (R)-1-phenyl-ethyl ester (Compound 38)

Step 1:(5-{4′-[1-(N-Hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-cyclopropyl]-biphenyl-4-yl}-3-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl)-carbamicacid (R)-1-phenyl-ethyl ester:{5-[4′-(1-Cyano-cyclopropyl)-biphenyl-4-yl]-3-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl}-carbamicacid (R)-1-phenyl-ethyl ester (0.307 g, 0.66 mmol), hydroxylaminehydrochloride (0.046 g, 0.67 mmol), and triethylamine (0.097 mL, 0.67mmol) were combined in EtOH (7 mL), and the reaction was stirred at 50°C. overnight. Additional hydroxylamine hydrochloride (0.100 g, 1.45mmol) and triethylamine (0.30 mL, 2.15 mmol) were added, and thereaction was stirred overnight. The mixture was then concentrated toprovide the title compound.

Step 2:(3-Methyl-5-{4′-[1-(5-oxo-2,5-dihydro-[1,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl)-cyclopropyl]-biphenyl-4-yl}-isoxazol-4-yl)-carbamicacid (R)-1-phenyl-ethyl ester: To(5-{4′-[1-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-cyclopropyl]-biphenyl-4-yl}-3-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl)-carbamicacid (R)-1-phenyl-ethyl ester (0.66 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) was addedtriethylamine (0.19 mL, 1.32 mmol) and ethyl chloroformate (0.127 mL,1.32 mmol), and the reaction was stirred overnight at room temperature.Additional triethylamine (0.19 mL, 1.32 mmol) was added, and thereaction was stirred for 6 hours. Additional triethylamine (0.19 mL,1.32 mmol) was added, and the reaction was stirred until complete. Themixture was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL) and washed with 10% aqueouscitric acid, and then dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated. Theresidue was dissolved in toluene (10 mL), and the solution was refluxedfor 3 days. After concentrating, the crude material was purified bysilica gel chromatography (0-100% EtOAc in hexanes) to give the titlecompound.

Example 38 Synthesis of(3-Methyl-5-{4′-[1-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-cyclopropyl]-biphenyl-4-yl}-isoxazol-4-yl)-carbamicacid (R)-1-phenyl-ethyl ester (Compound 39)

{5-[4′-(1-Cyano-cyclopropyl)-biphenyl-4-yl]-3-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl}-carbamicacid (R)-1-phenyl-ethyl ester (0.385 g, 0.83 mmol) andN,N-dimethylethanolamine (0.101 mL, 1.0 mmol) were combined in diglyme(diethylene glycol dimethyl ether; 2 mL). Hydrochloric acid (4M in1,4-dioxane; 4.2 mL) was added, and the reaction was stirred for 15minutes. Additional N,N-dimethylethanolamine (0.221 mL, 2.2 mmol) wasadded, followed by sodium azide (0.098 g, 1.5 mmol), and the reactionwas stirred at 120° C. for 24 hours. After cooling to room temperature,the mixture was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL) and H₂O (10 mL). The organiclayer was dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated, and the residuewas purified by silica gel chromatography to give the title compound.

Example 39 Synthesis of{5-[4′-(1-Methanesulfonylaminocarbonyl-cyclopropyl)-biphenyl-4-yl]-3-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl}-carbamicacid (R)-1-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-ethyl ester (Compound 40)

Step 1: N-[1-(4-Bromo-phenyl)-cyclopropanecarbonyl]-methanesulfonamide:To a solution of 1-(4-bromo-phenyl)-cyclopropanecarboxylic acid (5.0 g,20.7 mmol) in toluene (30 mL) was slowly added thionyl chloride (17.7mL, 243 mmol), and the reaction was refluxed for 4 hours. The mixturewas concentrated, and the crude material was dissolved in toluene (50mL). Methanesulfonamide (11.41 g, 120 mmol) was added, followed bytriethylamine (15 mL), and the reaction was refluxed for 3 hours. Aftercooling to room temperature, the mixture was poured in CH₂Cl₂ (200 mL)and washed with H₂O (150 mL). The organic layer was dried over MgSO₄,filtered, and concentrated, and the crude material was purified bysilica gel chromatography to give the title compound.

Step 2:N-{1-[4-(4,4,5,5-Tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-phenyl]-cyclopropanecarbonyl}-methanesulfonamide:Prepared according to the procedure described in Example 2, Step 4 usingN-[1-(4-bromo-phenyl)-cyclopropanecarbonyl]-methanesulfonamide andbis(pinacolato)diboron.

Step 3:{5-[4′-(1-Methanesulfonylaminocarbonyl-cyclopropyl)-biphenyl-4-yl]-3-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl}-carbamicacid (R)-1-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-ethyl ester: Prepared according tothe procedure described in Example 1, Step 6 using[5-(4-bromo-phenyl)-3-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl]-carbamic acid(R)-1-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-ethyl ester andN-{1-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-phenyl]-cyclopropanecarbonyl}-methanesulfonamide.

Example 40 Synthesis of{5-[4′-(1-Methanesulfonylaminocarbonyl-cyclopropyl)-3-methoxy-biphenyl-4-yl]-3-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl}-carbamicacid (R)-1-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-ethyl ester (Compound 41)

Step 1: [5-(4-Bromo-2-methoxy-phenyl)-3-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl]-carbamicacid (R)-1-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-ethyl ester: Prepared according tothe procedure described in Example 1, Step 5 using5-(4-bromo-2-methoxy-phenyl)-3-methyl-isoxazole-4-carboxylic acid and(R)-1-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-ethanol.

Step 2:{5-[4′-(1-Methanesulfonylaminocarbonyl-cyclopropyl)-3-methoxy-biphenyl-4-yl]-3-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl}-carbamicacid (R)-1-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-ethyl ester: Prepared according tothe procedure described in Example 1, Step 6 using[5-(4-bromo-2-methoxy-phenyl)-3-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl]-carbamic acid(R)-1-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-ethyl ester andN-{1-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-phenyl]-cyclopropanecarbonyl}-methanesulfonamide.

Example 41 Synthesis of1-{4′-[4-((R)-1-Phenyl-ethoxycarbonylamino)-isoxazol-5-yl]-biphenyl-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid (Compound 33)

Step 1: 5-(4-Bromo-phenyl)-isoxazole-4-carboxylic acid ethyl ester: Asolution of ethyl (4-bromobenzoyl)acetate (1.19 g, 4.39 mmol) inN,N-dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal (10 mL) was stirred at 100° C. for1 hour. The mixture was concentrated, and the residue was dissolved inEtOH (10 mL). Hydroxylamine hydrochloride (0.454 g, 6.57 mmol) wasadded, and the reaction was stirred at 100° C. for 1 hour. After coolingto room temperature, the mixture was partitioned between EtOAc and H₂O,and the organic layer was separated, dried over MgSO₄, filtered, andconcentrated. The crude material was purified by silica gelchromatography to give the title compound.

Step 2: 5-(4-Bromo-phenyl)-isoxazole-4-carboxylic acid:5-(4-Bromo-phenyl)-isoxazole-4-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (0.500 g,1.69 mmol) was dissolved in concentrated hydrochloric acid (2 mL),acetic acid (5 mL), and H₂O (5 mL), and the reaction was stirred at 100°C. overnight. The mixture was partitioned between EtOAc and H₂O, and theorganic layer was separated, dried over MgSO₄, filtered, andconcentrated to give the title compound.

Step 3: [5-(4-Bromo-phenyl)-isoxazol-4-yl]-carbamic acid(R)-1-phenyl-ethyl ester: Prepared according to the procedure describedin Example 1, Step 5 using 5-(4-bromo-phenyl)-isoxazole-4-carboxylicacid and (R)-1-phenyl-ethanol.

Step 4:1-{4′-[4-((R)-1-Phenyl-ethoxycarbonylamino)-isoxazol-5-yl]-biphenyl-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid: Prepared according to the procedure described in Example 1, Step 6using [5-(4-bromo-phenyl)-isoxazol-4-yl]-carbamic acid(R)-1-phenyl-ethyl ester and 4-(1-carboxycyclopropyl)phenylboronic acid.

Example 42 Synthesis of1-{4′-[3-Methyl-4-(1-phenyl-ethoxycarbonylamino)-isoxazol-5-yl]-biphenyl-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid (Compound 34)

Prepared according to the procedure described in Example 1 for Compound1 but using racemic 1-phenylethyl alcohol in place of(R)-(+)-1-phenylethyl alcohol.

In some embodiments, mass spectrometric data (mass spec. data) isobtained with a Shimadzu LCMS 2010A.

Example 43 Establishment of a CHO Cell Line Stably Expressing Human LPA₁

A 1.1 kb cDNA encoding the human LPA₁ receptor was cloned from humanlung. Human lung RNA (Clontech Laboratories, Inc. USA) was reversetranscribed using the RETROscript kit (Ambion, Inc.) and the full-lengthcDNA for human LPA₁ was obtained by PCR of the reverse transcriptionreaction. The nucleotide sequence of the cloned human LPA₁ wasdetermined by sequencing and confirmed to be identical to the publishedhuman LPA₁ sequence (An et al. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 231:619(1997). The cDNA was cloned into the pcDNA5/FRT expression plasmid andtransfected in CHO cells using lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen Corp.,USA). Clones stably expressing human LPA₁ were selected using hygromycinand identified as cells that show Ca-influx in response to LPA.

Example 44 Generation of Cells Transiently Expressing Human LPA₂

A vector containing the human LPA₂ receptor cDNA was obtained from theMissouri S&T cDNA Resource Center (www.cdna.org). The full-length cDNAfragment for human LPA₂ was obtained by PCR from the vector. Thenucleotide sequence of the cloned human LPA₂ was determined bysequencing and confirmed to be identical to the published human LPA₂sequence (NCBI accession number NM_(—)004720). The cDNA was cloned intothe pcDNA3.1 expression plasmid and transfected into B103 cells(Invitrogen Corp., USA) by seeding cells in a 96-well poly-D-lysinecoated plate at 30,000-35,000 cells per well together with 0.2 μllipofectamine 2000 and 0.2 μg of the LPA₂ expression vector. Cells werecultured overnight in complete media before being assayed forLPA-induced Ca-influx.

Example 45 Establishment of a CHO Cell Line Stably Expressing Human LPA₃

A vector containing the human LPA₃ receptor cDNA was obtained from theMissouri S&T cDNA Resource Center (www.cdna.org). The full-length cDNAfragment for human LPA₃ was obtained by PCR from the vector. Thenucleotide sequence of the cloned human LPA₃ was determined bysequencing and confirmed to be identical to the published human LPA₃sequence (NCBI accession number NM_(—)012152). The cDNA was cloned intothe pcDNA5/FRT expression plasmid and transfected in CHO cells usinglipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen Corp., USA). Clones stably expressinghuman LPA₃ were selected using hygromycin and identified as cells thatshow Ca-influx in response to LPA.

Example 46 LPA1 and LPA3 Calcium Flux Assays

Human LPA₁ or LPA₃ expressing CHO cells are seeded at 20,000-45,000cells per well in a 96-well poly-D-lysine coated plate one or two daysbefore the assay. Prior to the assay, the cells are washed once with PBSand then cultured in serum-free media overnight. On the day of theassay, a calcium indicator dye (Calcium 4, Molecular Devices) in assaybuffer (HBSS with Ca²⁺and Mg²⁺ and containing 20 mM Hepes and 0.3%fatty-acid free human serum albumin) is added to each well andincubation continued for 1 hour at 37° C. 10 μl of test compounds in2.5% DMSO are added to the cells and incubation continued at roomtemperature for 30 minutes. Cells are the stimulated by the addition of10 nM LPA and intracellular Ca²⁺ measured using the Flexstation 3(Molecular Devices). IC₅₀s are determined using Graphpad prism analysisof drug titration curves.

Example 47 LPA2 Calcium Flux Assay

BT-20 human breast cancer cells are seeded at 25,000-35,000 cells perwell in 150 μl complete media on Poly-D-Lysine coated black-wallclear-bottom plates. Following an overnight culture, cells are washedonce with PBS then serum starved for 4-6 hours prior to the assay. Onthe day of the assay, a calcium indicator dye (Calcium 5, MolecularDevices) in assay buffer (HBSS with Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ and containing 20 mMHepes and 0.3% fatty-acid free human serum albumin) is added to eachwell and incubation continued for 15 minutes at 37° C. 25 μl of testcompounds in 2.5% DMSO are added to the cells and incubation continuedat 37° C. for 15 minutes. Cells are the stimulated by the addition of100 nM LPA and intracellular Ca²⁺ measured using the Flexstation 3(Molecular Devices). IC₅₀s are determined using Symyx Assay Exploreranalysis of drug titration curves.

Example 48 GTPγS Binding Assay

The ability of a compound to inhibit binding of GTP to LPA₁ is assessedvia a membrane GTPγS assay. CHO cells stably expressing the recombinanthuman LPA₁ receptor are resuspended in 10 mM Hepes, 7.4 containing 1 mMDTT, lysed and centrifuged at 75,000×g to pellet the membranes. Themembranes are resuspended in 10 mM Hepes, 7.4 containing 1 mM DTT and10% glycerol. Membranes (˜25 μg per well) are incubated in 96-wellplates with 0.1 nM [³⁵S]-GTPγS, 900 nM LPA, 5 μM GDP, and test compoundin Assay Buffer (50 mM Hepes, pH 7.4, 100 mM NaCl, 10 mM MgCl₂, 50 μg/mlsaponin and 0.2% fatty-acid free human serum albumin) for 30 minutes at30° C. The reactions are terminated by rapid filtration through WhatmanGF/B glass fibre filter plates. The filter plates are washed 3 timeswith 1 ml cold Wash Buffer (50 mM Hepes, 7.5, 100 mM NaCl and 10 mMMgCl₂) and dried. Scintillant is then added to the plates and theradioactivity retained on the filters is determined on a PackardTopCount (Perkin Elmer). Specific binding is determined as totalradioactive binding minus non-specific binding in the absence of theligand (900 nM LPA). IC₅₀s were determined using Graphpad prism analysisof drug titration curves.

Illustrative in vitro biological data for representative compounds ofFormula (I) is presented in the Table below.

Compound No. HLPA1 Ca Flux IC₅₀ HLPA3 Ca Flux IC₅₀ 1 A C 2 A C 3 A B 4 AD 5 C ND 6 A D 7 A D 8 A B 9 A C 10 A C 11 A C 12 A ND 13 C ND 14 A C 15A C 16 A C 17 A B 18 A C 19 A C 20 A C 21 A A 22 A A 23 A C 24 A D 25 AB 26 A B 27 A D 28 A D 29 A B 30 A A 31 A A 32 A C 33 A C 34 A C 35 A C36 A C 37 C D 38 A C 39 A C 40 A B 41 A B A = less than 0.3 μM; B =greater than 0.3 μM and less than 1 μM; C = greater than 1 μM and lessthan 10 μM; D = greater than 10 μM. ND = not determined

Example 49 LPA1 Chemotaxis Assay

Chemotaxis of the A2058 human melanoma cells was measured using theNeuroprobe ChemoTx® System plates (8 pore size, 5.7 mm diameter sites).The filter sites were coated with 0.001% fibronectin (Sigma) in 20 mMHepes, pH 7.4 and allowed to dry. A2058 cells were serum-starved for 24hours, then harvested with Cell Stripper and resuspended in DMEMcontaining 0.1% fatty-acid-free bovine serum albumin (BSA) to aconcentration of 1×10⁶/ml. Cells were mixed with an equal volume of testcompound (2×) in DMEM containing 0.1% fatty-acid-free BSA and incubatedat 37° C. for 15 minutes. LPA (100 nM in DMEM containing 0.1%fatty-acid-free BSA) or vehicle was added to each well of the lowerchamber and 50 μl of the cell suspension/test compound mix was appliedto the upper portion of the ChemoTx plate. Plates were incubated at 37°C. for three hours and then the cells removed from the upper portion byrinsing with PBS and scraping. The filter was dried then stained withHEMA 3 Staining System (Fisher Scientific). The absorbance of the filterwas read at 590 nM and IC₅₀s were determined using Symyx Assay Explorer.

In this experiment, compounds 1, 4, 8, 16, 17, 19, 21, 29, 35, 36, 38,39, inhibited LPA-driven chemotaxis (IC₅₀ less than 100 nM) of humanA2058 melanoma cells

Example 50 Bleomycin-Induced Lung Fibrosis Model in Mice

Female C57B1/6 mice (Harlan, 25-30 g) are housed 4 per cage, given freeaccess to food and water and allowed to acclimate for at least 7 daysprior to test initiation. After the habituation phase, mice are lightlyanesthetized with isoflurane (5% in 100% O₂) and administered withbleomycin sulfate (0.01-5 U/kg, Henry Schein) via intratrachealinstillation (Cuzzocrea S et al. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol. Physiol.2007 May; 292(5):L1095-104. Epub 2007 Jan. 12.). Mice are returned totheir cages and monitored daily for the duration of the experiment. Testcompound or vehicle is delivered po, ip or sc daily. The route andfrequency of dosing is based on previously determined pharmacokineticproperties. All animals are sacrificed using inhaled isoflurane 3, 7,14, 21 or 28 days after bleomycin instillation. Following sacrifice,mice are intubated with a 20 gauge angiocatheter attached to a 1 mlsyringe. Lungs are lavaged with, saline to obtain bronchoalveolar lavagefluid (BALF) and then removed and fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalinfor subsequent histopathological analysis. BALF is centrifuged for 10min at 800×g to pellet the cells and the cell supernatant removed andfrozen at −80° C. for subsequent protein analysis using the DC proteinassay kit (Biorad, Hercules, Calif.) and soluble collagen analysis usingSircol (Biocolor Ltd, UK). BALF is analyzed for concentrations ofinflammatory, pro-fibrotic and tissue injury biomarkers includingtransforming growth factor β1, hyaluronic acid, tissue inhibitor ofmetalloproteinase-1, matrix matelloproteinase-7, connective tissuegrowth factor and lactate dehydrogenase activity, using commerciallyavailable ELISA. The cell pellet is re-suspended in PBS. Total cellcounts are then obtained using a Hemavet hematology system (DrewScientific, Wayne, Pa.) and differential cells counts are determinedusing Shandon cytospin (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, Mass.). Lung tissueis stained using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and trichrome and lungfibrosis is determined by semiquantitative histopathological scoring(Ashcroft T. et al. J. Clin. Path. 1988; 41; 4, 467-470) using lightmicroscopy (10× magnification) and quantitative, computer-assisteddensitometry of collagen in lung tissue sections using light microscopy.The data are plotted using Graphpad prism and statistical differencesbetween groups determined.

In the acute setting (3 day), Compound 1 significantly reduced totalprotein and collagen concentrations in bronchioalveolar lavage fluid(BALF). In a 7-day bleomycin model compound 1 reduced BALF collagen,protein, TGFβ1, MMP-7, hyaluronan, and inflammatory cell influx. In thechronic setting (14 day bleomycin model), Compound 1 decreased totallung collagen when dosed either propylactically (day 0-day 14) ortherapeutically (day 3-day 14).

Example 51 Mouse Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl₄)-Induced Liver FibrosisModel

Female C57BL/6 mice (Harlan, 20-25 g) housed 4/cage are given freeaccess to food and water and allowed to acclimate for at least 7 daysprior to test initiation. After the habituation phase, mice receive CCl₄(1.0 ml/kg body weight) diluted in corn oil vehicle (100 μL volume) viai.p. injection twice a week for 8 weeks. (Higazi, A. A. et al., Clin ExpImmunol. 2008 April; 152(1):163-73. Epub 2008 Feb. 14.). Control micereceive an equivalent volume of corn oil vehicle only. Test compound orvehicle is delivered po, ip or sc daily. At the end of the study (8weeks after first i.p. injection of CCl₄), mice are sacrificed usinginhaled isoflurane and blood is drawn via cardiac puncture forsubsequent analysis of ALT/AST levels. The liver is harvested, and onehalf of the liver is frozen at −80° C. and the other half is fixed in10% neutral buffered formalin for histological assessment of liverfibrosis using light microscopy (10× magnification). Liver tissuehomogenates are analyzed for collagen levels using Sircol (Biocolor Ltd,UK). Fixed Liver tissue is stained using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) andtrichrome and liver fibrosis is determined by quantitative,computer-assisted densitometry of collagen in liver tissue sectionsusing light microscopy. Plasma and liver tissue lysates are alsoanalyzed for concentrations of inflammatory, pro-fibrotic and tissueinjury biomarkers including transforming growth factor β1, hyaluronicacid, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1, matrixmatelloproteinase-7, connective tissue growth factor and lactatedehydrogenase activity, using commercially available ELISA. Theresulting data are plotted using Graphpad prism and statisticaldifferences between groups determined.

In this experiment, Compound 1 significantly reduced liver weightincrease and collagen deposition in the liver as compared to theuntreated group.

Example 52 Mouse Intravenous LPA-Induced Histamine Release

A mouse intravenous LPA-induced histamine release model is utilized todetermine the in vivo potency of LPA₁ and LPA₃ receptor antagonists.Female CD-1 mice (weighing 25-35 grams) are administered compound (i.p.,s.c. or p.o.) in a volume of 10 ml/kg 30 minutes to 24 hours prior tointravenous LPA challenge (300 μg/mouse in 0.1% FAF BSA). Immediatelyfollowing LPA challenge mice are placed into an enclosed Plexiglaschamber and exposed to an isoflurane for a period of 2 minutes. They areremoved, decapitated and trunk blood collected into tubes containingEDTA. Blood is then centrifuged at 10,000×g for 10 minutes at 4° C.Histamine concentrations in the plasma are determined by EIA. Drugconcentrations in plasma are determined by mass spectrometry. The doseto achieve 50% inhibition of blood histamine release is calculated bynonlinear regression (Graphpad Prism) and plotted as the ED₅₀. Theplasma concentration associated with this dose is plotted as the EC₅₀.

Example 53 Mouse Dermal Vascular Leak Assay

Female BALB/c mice (Harlan) weighing 20-25 grams were given free accessto standard mouse chow and water and were allowed to acclimate for twoweeks prior to study initiation. Compound 1 was prepared in watervehicle at a concentration of 3 mg/ml and delivered by oral gavage at avolume of 10 ml/kg to yield a dose of 30 mg/kg. Three hours followingdose, mice were placed into a restraining device and given Evan's bluedye intravenously by tail vein injection (0.2 ml of a 0.5% solution).Mice were then anesthetized using 3% isoflurane anaesthesia to allow forintradermal injection of LPA (30 μg in 20 μl 0.1% fatty acid free BSA).Thirty minutes after LPA injection mice were sacrificed by CO₂inhalation and the skin removed from the challenge site and placed into2 ml formamide for overnight extraction of Evan's blue dye.

Following extraction, a 150 μl aliquot of formamide for each tissuesample was placed into a 96 well plate and read at 610 nm using aphotospectometer. The resulting data (OD units) were plotted usingGraphPad Prizm. In this experiment compound 1 reduced LPA-induced Evan'sblue dye leak into the skin.

Example 54 Mouse Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction Kidney Fibrosis Model

Female C57BL/6 mice (Harlan, 20-25 g) housed 4/cage will be given freeaccess to food and water and allowed to acclimate for at least 7 daysprior to test initiation. After the habituation phase, mice undergounilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) surgery or sham to left kidney.Briefly, a longitudinal, upper left incision is performed to expose theleft kidney. The renal artery is located and 6/0 silk thread is passedbetween the artery and the ureter. The thread is looped around theureter and knotted 3 times insuring full ligation of ureter. The kidneyis returned to abdomen, the abdominal muscle is sutured and the skin isstapled closed. Mice are returned to their cages and monitored daily forthe duration of the experiment. Test compound or vehicle is deliveredpo, ip or sc daily. The route and frequency of dosing is based onpreviously determined pharmacokinetic properties. All animals aresacrificed using inhaled isoflurane 4, 8 or 14 days after UUO surgery.Following sacrifice blood is drawn via cardiac puncture, the kidneys areharvested and one half of the kidney is frozen at −80° C. and the otherhalf is fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin for histologicalassessment of kidney fibrosis using light microscopy (10×magnification). Kidney tissue homogenates are analyzed for collagenlevels using Sircol (Biocolor Ltd, UK). Fixed kidney tissue is alsostained using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and trichrome and kidneyfibrosis is determined by quantitative, computer-assisted densitometryof collagen in liver tissue sections using light microscopy and collagencontent in kidney lysate. Plasma and kidney tissue lysates are alsoanalyzed for concentrations of inflammatory, pro-fibrotic and tissueinjury biomarkers including transforming growth factor β1, hyaluronicacid, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1, and plasminogen activatorinhibitor-1, using commercially available ELISA. The resulting data areplotted using Graphpad prism and statistical differences between groupsdetermined.

In this experiment, Compound 1 reduced total kidney collogen, collagenType 1, transforming growth factor β1, hyaluronic acid, tissue inhibitorof metalloproteinase-1 and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 compared tountreated group

Example 55 Clinical Trial in Humans with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis(IPF) Purpose

The purposes of this study is to assess the efficacy of treatment with acompound of Formula (I) compared with placebo in patients withidiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and to assess the safety oftreatment with a compound of Formula (I) compared with placebo inpatients with IPF.

The primary outcome variable is the absolute change in percent predictedforced vital capacity (FVC) from baseline to Week 72.

Secondary outcome measures include: composite outcomes of importantIPF-related events; progression-free survival; categorical assessment ofabsolute change in percent predicted FVC from baseline to Week 72;change in Shortness-of-Breath from baseline to Week 72; change inpercent predicted hemoglobin (Hb)-corrected carbon monoxide diffusingcapacity (DLco) of the lungs from baseline to Week 72; change in oxygensaturation during the 6 minute walk test (6 MWT) from baseline to Week72; change in high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) assessment frombaseline to Week 72; change in distance walked in the 6 MWT frombaseline to Week 72.

Criteria

Patients eligible for this study include those patients that satisfy thefollowing inclusion criteria: diagnosis of IPF; 40 to 80 years of age;FVC≧50% predicted value; DLco≧35% predicted value; either FVC orDLco≦90% predicted value; no improvement in past year; able to walk 150meters in 6 minutes and maintain saturation≧83% while on no more than 6L/min supplemental oxygen.

Patients are excluded from this study if they satisfy any of thefollowing criteria: unable to undergo pulmonary function testing;evidence of significant obstructive lung disease or airwayhyper-responsiveness; in the clinical opinion of the investigator, thepatient is expected to need and be eligible for a lung transplant within72 weeks of randomization; active infection; liver disease; cancer orother medical condition likely to result in death within 2 years;diabetes; pregnancy or lactation; substance abuse; personal or familyhistory of long QT syndrome; other IPF treatment; unable to take studymedication; withdrawal from other IPF trials.

Patients are orally dosed with either placebo or an amount of compoundof Formula (I) (1 mg/day—1000 mg/day). The primary outcome variable willbe the absolute change in percent predicted FVC from Baseline to Week72. Patients will receive blinded study treatment from the time ofrandomization until the last patient randomized has been treated for 72weeks. A Data Monitoring Committee (DMC) will periodically review safetyand efficacy data to ensure patient safety.

After week 72, patients who meet the Progression of Disease (POD)definition, which is a ≧10% absolute decrease in percent predicted FVCor a ≧15% absolute decrease in percent predicted DLco, will be eligibleto receive permitted IPF therapies in addition to their blinded studydrug. Permitted IPF therapies include corticosteroids; azathioprine,cyclophosphamide and N-acetyl-cysteine.

Example 56 Parenteral Pharmaceutical Composition

To prepare a parenteral pharmaceutical composition suitable foradministration by injection (subcutaneous, intravenous, and the like),100 mg of a water-soluble salt of a compound of Formula (I) is dissolvedin sterile water and then mixed with 10 mL of 0.9% sterile saline. Themixture is incorporated into a dosage unit form suitable foradministration by injection

In another embodiment, the following ingredients are mixed to form aninjectable formulation: 1.2 g of a compound of Formulas (I), 2.0 mL ofsodium acetate buffer solution (0.4 M), HCl N) or NaOH (1 M) (q.s. tosuitable pH), water (distilled, sterile) (q.s. to 20 mL). All of theabove ingredients, except water, are combined and stirred and ifnecessary, with slight heating if necessary. A sufficient quantity ofwater is then added.

Example 57 Oral Pharmaceutical Composition

To prepare a pharmaceutical composition for oral delivery, 100 mg of acompound of Formula (I) is mixed with 750 mg of starch. The mixture isincorporated into an oral dosage unit for, such as a hard gelatincapsule, which is suitable for oral administration.

Example 58 Sublingual (Hard Lozenge) Pharmaceutical Composition

To prepare a pharmaceutical composition for buccal delivery, such as ahard lozenge, mix 100 mg of a compound of Formula (I) with 420 mg ofpowdered sugar mixed, with 1.6 mL of light corn syrup, 2.4 mL distilledwater, and 0.42 mL mint extract. The mixture is gently blended andpoured into a mold to form a lozenge suitable for buccal administration.

Example 59 Fast-Disintegrating Sublingual Tablet

A fast-disintegrating sublingual tablet is prepared by mixing 48.5% byweigh of a compound of Formula (I), 44.5% by weight of microcrystallinecellulose (KG-802), 5% by weight of low-substituted hydroxypropylcellulose (50 μm), and 2% by weight of magnesium stearate. Tablets areprepared by direct compression (AAPS PharmSciTech. 2006; 7(2):E41). Thetotal weight of the compressed tablets is maintained at 150 mg. Theformulation is prepared by mixing the amount of compound of Formula (I)with the total quantity of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) andtwo-thirds of the quantity of low-substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose(L-HPC) by using a three dimensional manual mixer (Inversina®,Bioengineering AG, Switzerland) for 4.5 minutes. All of the magnesiumstearate (MS) and the remaining one-third of the quantity of L-HPC areadded 30 seconds before the end of mixing.

Example 60 Inhalation Pharmaceutical Composition

To prepare a pharmaceutical composition for inhalation delivery, 20 mgof a compound of Formula (I) is mixed with 50 mg of anhydrous citricacid and 100 mL of 0.9% sodium chloride solution. The mixture isincorporated into an inhalation delivery unit, such as a nebulizer,which is suitable for inhalation administration.

Example 61 Rectal Gel Pharmaceutical Composition

To prepare a pharmaceutical composition for rectal delivery, 100 mg of acompound of Formula (I) is mixed with 2.5 g of methylcelluose (1500mPa), 100 mg of methylparapen, 5 g of glycerin and 100 mL of purifiedwater. The resulting gel mixture is then incorporated into rectaldelivery units, such as syringes, which are suitable for rectaladministration.

Example 62 Topical Gel Pharmaceutical Composition

To prepare a pharmaceutical topical gel composition, 100 mg of acompound of Formula (I) is mixed with 1.75 g of hydroxypropyl celluose,10 mL of propylene glycol, 10 mL of isopropyl myristate and 100 mL ofpurified alcohol USP. The resulting gel mixture is then incorporatedinto containers, such as tubes, which are suitable for topic1administration.

Example 63 Ophthalmic Solution

To prepare a pharmaceutical opthalmic solution composition, 100 mg of acompound of Formula (I) is mixed with 0.9 g of NaCl in 100 mL ofpurified water and filtered using a 0.2 micron filter. The resultingisotonic solution is then incorporated into ophthalmic delivery units,such as eye drop containers, which are suitable for ophthalmicadministration.

Example 64 Nasal Spray Solution

To prepare a pharmaceutical nasal spray solution, 10 g of a compound ofFormula (I) is mixed with 30 mL of a 0.05M phosphate buffer solution (pH4.4). The solution is placed in a nasal administrator designed todeliver 100 μl of spray for each application.

The examples and embodiments described herein are for illustrativepurposes only and various modifications or changes suggested to personsskilled in the art are to be included within the spirit and purview ofthis application and scope of the appended claims.

1. A compound having the structure of Formula (I) or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof:

wherein, R¹ is —CO₂H, —CO₂R^(D), —CN, —C(═O)N(R⁹)₂, —C(═O)NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H,—C(═O)NHSO₂R¹⁰, tetrazolyl, or 5-oxo-2,5-dihydro-[1,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl;R^(D) is H or C₁-C₄alkyl; R³ is H, C₁-C₄alkyl, C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, orC₁-C₄fluoroalkyl; R⁴ is —NR⁷C(═O)OCH(R⁸)—CY; R⁷ is H or C₁-C₄alkyl; R⁸is H, C₁-C₄alkyl, or C₁-C₄fluoroalkyl; CY is a substituted orunsubstituted C₃-C₆cycloalkyl or a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl,wherein if CY is substituted then CY is substituted with 1 or 2 R^(C);R⁹ is H, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆fluoroalkyl, C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, or a substitutedor unsubstituted phenyl; R¹⁰ is a C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆fluoroalkyl,C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, or a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl; each ofR^(A), R^(B), and R^(C) are independently selected from F, Cl, Br, I,—CN, —OH, C₁-C₄alkyl, C₁-C₄fluoroalkyl, C₁-C₄fluoroalkoxy, C₁-C₄alkoxy,and C₁-C₄heteroalkyl; m is 0, 1, or 2; n is 1, 2, 3 or 4; p is 0, 1, or2.
 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein: R¹ is —CO₂H, —CO₂R^(D),—C(═O)NHSO₂R¹⁰ or tetrazolyl; R³ is H or C₁-C₄alkyl; R⁷ is H; R⁸ is H,—CH₃ or —CF₃; R¹⁰ is a C₁-C₆alkyl or a substituted or unsubstitutedphenyl; each R^(A) is independently selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —OH,—CH₃, —CF₃, —OCF₃, and —OCH₃; each R^(B) is independently selected fromF, Cl, Br, I, —OH, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCF₃, and —OCH₃; each R^(C) isindependently selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —OH, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCF₃, and—OCH₃; m is 0 or 1; n is 1, 2, or 3; p is 0 or
 1. 3. The compound ofclaim 2, wherein: R¹ is —CO₂H or —CO₂R^(D); R^(D) is H, —CH₃, or—CH₂CH₃; R³ is H, —CH₃ or —CH₂CH₃; R⁴ is —NHC(═O)OCH(R⁸)—CY; R⁸ is H, or—CH₃; CY is a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, wherein if CY is asubstituted phenyl then the phenyl is substituted with 1 or 2 R^(C). 4.The compound of claim 3, wherein the compound of Formula (I) has thefollowing structure:


5. The compound of claim 4, wherein: R⁴ is

CY is a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, wherein if CY is asubstituted phenyl then the phenyl is substituted with 1 or 2 R^(C);R^(C) is F, Cl, —OH, —CH₃, —CF₃, or —OCH₃; n is
 1. 6. The compound ofclaim 5, wherein: CY is phenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 3-fluorophenyl,2-chlorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 2-methylphenyl, 3-methylphenyl,2-trifluoromethylphenyl, or 3-trifluoromethylphenyl.
 7. The compound ofclaim 2, wherein: R¹ is —C(═O)NHSO₂R¹⁰; R³ is H, —CH₃ or —CH₂CH₃; R⁸ isH, or —CH₃; R¹⁰ is —CH₃, or —CH₂CH₃.
 8. The compound of claim 1,wherein: R⁴ is —NHC(═O)OCH(CH₃)-(substituted or unsubstituted phenyl);wherein if the phenyl is substituted then the phenyl is substituted withR^(C); R^(C) is F, Cl, —CH₃, or CF₃; n is
 1. 9. The compound of claim 1,wherein: R⁴ is

R⁸ is —CH₃; CY is a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, wherein if CYis a substituted phenyl then the phenyl is substituted with 1 or 2R^(C); R^(C) is F, Cl, —OH, —CH₃, —CF₃, or —OCH₃; n is
 1. 10. Thecompound of claim 9, wherein: CY is phenyl, 2-fluorophenyl,3-fluorophenyl, 2-chlorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 2-methylphenyl,3-methylphenyl, 2-trifluoromethylphenyl, or 3-trifluoromethylphenyl. 11.The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound of Formula (I) has thefollowing structure:


12. The compound of claim 11, wherein: R¹ is —CO₂H; CY is phenyl,2-fluorophenyl, 3-fluorophenyl, 2-chlorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl,2-methylphenyl, 3-methylphenyl, 2-trifluoromethylphenyl, or3-trifluoromethylphenyl.
 13. The compound of claim 1, wherein: R¹ is—CO₂H, —CO₂R^(D), —C(═O)NHSO₂R¹⁰, tetrazolyl, or5-oxo-2,5-dihydro-[1,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl; R³ is H or C₁-C₄alkyl; R⁷ is H;R⁸ is H, or —CH₃; R¹⁰ is a C₁-C₆alkyl or a substituted or unsubstitutedphenyl; CY is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopent-1-enyl,2-chlorocyclopent-1-enyl, cyclohexyl, cyclohex-1-enyl,2-chlorocyclohex-1-enyl, phenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 2,3-difluorophenyl,2,4-difluorophenyl, 2,5-difluorophenyl, 2,6-difluorophenyl,2-chlorophenyl, 2,6-dichlorophenyl, 2-bromophenyl, 3-bromophenyl,2,4-dichlorophenyl, 2-hydroxyphenyl, 3-hydroxyphenyl, 4-hydroxyphenyl,2-methoxyphenyl, 3-methoxyphenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl,2-trifluoromethylphenyl, 3-trifluoromethylphenyl,4-trifluoromethylphenyl, 2-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl, 2-methylphenyl,3-methylphenyl, 4-methylphenyl, 2-cyanophenyl, 3-cyanophenyl, or4-cyanophenyl.
 14. The compound of claim 1 selected from:1-{4′-[3-Methyl-4-((R)-1-phenyl-ethoxycarbonylamino)-isoxazol-5-yl]-biphenyl-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid (Compound 1);1-{4′-[4-(1-Cyclohexyl-ethoxycarbonylamino)-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl]-biphenyl-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid (Compound 2);1-{4′-[3-Methyl-4-((R)-1-o-tolyl-ethoxycarbonylamino)-isoxazol-5-yl]-biphenyl-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid (Compound 3);1-[4′-(4-Benzyloxycarbonylamino-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl)-biphenyl-4-yl]-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid (Compound 4);(S)-1-{4′-[4-(1-Cyclopropyl-ethoxycarbonylamino)-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl]-biphenyl-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid (Compound 5);(R)-1-{4′-[4-(1-Cyclopropyl-ethoxycarbonylamino)-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl]-biphenyl-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid (Compound 6);1-[4′-(4-Cyclopropylmethoxycarbonylamino-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl)-biphenyl-4-yl]-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid (Compound 7);1-(4′-{4-[(R)-1-(2-Chloro-phenyl)-ethoxycarbonylamino]-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid (Compound 8);1-(4′-{3-Methyl-4-[(R)-1-(2-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-ethoxycarbonylamino]-isoxazol-5-yl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid (Compound 9);1-{4′-[3-Methyl-4-((R)-1-phenyl-ethoxycarbonylamino)-isoxazol-5-yl]-biphenyl-4-yl}-cyclobutanecarboxylicacid (Compound 10);1-{4′-[3-Methyl-4-((R)-1-phenyl-ethoxycarbonylamino)-isoxazol-5-yl]-biphenyl-4-yl}-cyclopentanecarboxylicacid (Compound 11);1-(4′-{4-[1-(2-Methoxy-phenyl)-ethoxycarbonylamino]-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid (Compound 12);1-(4′-{3-Methyl-4-[1-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-ethoxycarbonylamino]-isoxazol-5-yl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid (Compound 13);1-(4′-{3-Methyl-4-[1-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-ethoxycarbonylamino]-isoxazol-5-yl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid (Compound 14);1-(4′-{4-[1-(3-Cyano-phenyl)-ethoxycarbonylamino]-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid (Compound 15);1-{4′-[3-Methyl-4-((R)-1-p-tolyl-ethoxycarbonylamino)-isoxazol-5-yl]-biphenyl-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid (Compound 16);1-{4′-[3-Methyl-4-((R)-1-m-tolyl-ethoxycarbonylamino)-isoxazol-5-yl]-biphenyl-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid (Compound 17);1-(4′-{4-[(R)-1-(4-Cyano-phenyl)-ethoxycarbonylamino]-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid (Compound 18);1-(4′-{4-[(R)-1-(2-Cyano-phenyl)-ethoxycarbonylamino]-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid (Compound 19);1-{4′-[4-((R)-1-Cyclobutyl-ethoxycarbonylamino)-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl]-biphenyl-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid (Compound 20);1-(4′-{4-[1-(2-Chloro-cyclohex-1-enyl)-ethoxycarbonylamino]-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid (Compound 21);1-(4′-{3-Methyl-4-[(R)-1-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-ethoxycarbonylamino]-isoxazol-5-yl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid (Compound 22);1-(4′-{4-[(R)-1-(3-Methoxy-phenyl)-ethoxycarbonylamino]-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid (Compound 23);1-(4′-{4-[(R)-1-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-ethoxycarbonylamino]-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid (Compound 24);1-(4′-{4-[1-(3-Bromo-phenyl)-ethoxycarbonylamino]-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid (Compound 25);1-(4′-{4-[1-(3-Chloro-phenyl)-ethoxycarbonylamino]-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid (Compound 26);1-{4′-[3-Methyl-4-((S)-1-phenyl-ethoxycarbonylamino)-isoxazol-5-yl]-biphenyl-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid (Compound 27);1-(4′-{4-[1-(3-Hydroxy-phenyl)-ethoxycarbonylamino]-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid (Compound 28);1-{4′-[3-Ethyl-4-((R)-1-phenyl-ethoxycarbonylamino)-isoxazol-5-yl]-biphenyl-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid (Compound 29);1-(4′-{3-Ethyl-4-[(R)-1-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-ethoxycarbonylamino]-isoxazol-5-yl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid (Compound 30);1-(3′-Methoxy-4′-{3-methyl-4-[(R)-1-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-ethoxycarbonylamino]-isoxazol-5-yl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid (Compound 31);1-(4′-{4-[(R)-1-(3,5-Dibromo-phenyl)-ethoxycarbonylamino]-3-methyl-isoxazol-5-yl}-biphenyl-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid (Compound 32);1-{4′-[4-((R)-1-Phenyl-ethoxycarbonylamino)-isoxazol-5-yl]-biphenyl-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid (Compound 33);1-{4′-[3-Methyl-4-(1-phenyl-ethoxycarbonylamino)-isoxazol-5-yl]-biphenyl-4-yl}-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid (Compound 34);{5-[4′-(1-Methanesulfonylaminocarbonyl-cyclopropyl)-biphenyl-4-yl]-3-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl}-carbamicacid (R)-1-phenyl-ethyl ester (Compound 35);{5-[4′-(1-Benzenesulfonylaminocarbonyl-cyclopropyl)-biphenyl-4-yl]-3-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl}-carbamicacid (R)-1-phenyl-ethyl ester (Compound 36);{5-[4′-(1-Cyano-cyclopropyl)-biphenyl-4-yl]-3-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl}-carbamicacid (R)-1-phenyl-ethyl ester (Compound 37);(3-Methyl-5-{4′-[1-(5-oxo-2,5-dihydro-[1,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl)-cyclopropyl]-biphenyl-4-yl}-isoxazol-4-yl)-carbamicacid (R)-1-phenyl-ethyl ester (Compound 38);(3-Methyl-5-{4′-[1-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-cyclopropyl]-biphenyl-4-yl}-isoxazol-4-yl)-carbamicacid (R)-1-phenyl-ethyl ester (Compound 39);{5-[4′-(1-Methanesulfonylaminocarbonyl-cyclopropyl)-biphenyl-4-yl]-3-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl}-carbamicacid (R)-1-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-ethyl ester (Compound 40);{5-[4′-(1-Methanesulfonylaminocarbonyl-cyclopropyl)-3-methoxy-biphenyl-4-yl]-3-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl}-carbamicacid (R)-1-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-ethyl ester (Compound 41); or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 15. A pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compoundof claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 16. Thepharmaceutical composition of claim 15, wherein the pharmaceuticalcomposition is formulated for intravenous injection, subcutaneousinjection, oral administration, inhalation, nasal administration,topical administration, ophthalmic administration or oticadministration.
 17. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 15, whereinthe pharmaceutical composition is a tablet, a pill, a capsule, a liquid,an inhalant, a nasal spray solution, a suppository, a suspension, a gel,a colloid, a dispersion, a suspension, a solution, an emulsion, anointment, a lotion, an eye drop or an ear drop.
 18. A method of treatingcancer in a mammal comprising administering a therapeutically effectiveamount of a compound according to claim 1 or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof to the mammal in need thereof.
 19. A method oftreating or preventing fibrosis in a mammal comprising administering atherapeutically effective amount of a compound according to claim 1 or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to the mammal in need thereof.20. A method of treating or preventing lung fibrosis, asthma, chronicobstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), renal fibrosis, acute kidneyinjury, chronic kidney disease, liver fibrosis, skin fibrosis, fibrosisof the gut, breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, ovarian cancer, prostatecancer, glioblastoma, bone cancer, colon cancer, bowel cancer, head andneck cancer, melanoma, multiple myeloma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia,cancer pain, tumor metastasis, transplant organ rejection, scleroderma,ocular fibrosis, age related macular degeneration (AMD), diabeticretinopathy, collagen vascular disease, atherosclerosis, Raynaud'sphenomenon, or neuropathic pain in a mammal comprising administering atherapeutically effective amount of a compound according to claim 1 or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to the mammal in need thereof.